Gods and Humans Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gods and Humans - Assignment casefulPart of the reason both Oedipus and Antig matchless are considered to be classic works is that they feature characters who are large than life and whose deeds are rightfully remarkable. Even centuries and millennium later the charitable and divine figures feature in these stories astonish us with their extreme and powerful qualities. We can marvel at these classical figures scarce we can also examine the different ways they interact with one another and the sorts of relationships they have with one another, plus the different ways Sophocles portrays them. Surely this interplay is one of the reasons these figures continue to resonate in our modern years and continue to excite us so much. The conflict between the world and laws of tenders and those of gods is one that is truly timeless.In both quoted passages, the laws of the gods and the laws of military man beings are examined and discussed. There are two clearly different principles at pl ay. In both works the human heroes are at odds with the political system which is trying to get over them. In both cases, the heroes stand up for what they believe. They are willing to obey a higher law, a higher order which is in conflict with the human law before them. They do not sleep with the arbitrarily exercised power of the regent. They operate under a different, much powerful law which they think is to a greater extent objective, or more fair. Oedipus serves Apollo. Although he is blind he is capable of seeing that real life, full of human laws, is corrupt and false. The higher world of gods and forms is truer and more just. His blindness is perhaps something of an asset as it separates him somewhat from the human world and allows him to imagine or perceive of a more just world where the law of gods such as Apollo dominate. In Antigone much the same idea is presented. Antigone also must deal with Creon and the law of the human system. My reverence only brands me for irr everence she exclaims, weeping at the injustice of it. She has obeyed the religious ritual of burying her out of work brother at the expense of the human law forbidding her to do so. That is why she is being punished. For her, obeying the gods is more important than obeying the king. And that is why she is willing to endure her punishment even if it is unjust in the human world.

Joint venture paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Joint venture - Research Paper ExampleOne of the benefits of forming a fit venture therefore is to gain access to the new markets as two entities one strange and one domestic and as such foreign entity often bring in new technologies which send away benefit the domestic entities delinquent to technology transfer. In US, Joint ventures are mostly regulated by Partnership laws, Contract Act as well as commercial transaction laws.In tell apart to successfully formulate a sum venture, it is really important to consider due diligence, business image as well as the allocation of the income must be decided before formation of the joint venture contract. This report will present an analysis of the joint venture between NIKE and Adidas, the business emf and the international aspects of NIKE as well as performing a due diligence of the potential joint venture between the two.1. Nike own and operate various retail stores, ecommerce, independent distributors as well as franchisers across the United States and World. Nike has one of the unique business models in place where it manufactures its products through its contract centers dictated across the world. This provides NIKE necessary cost advantage over its competitors.2. Nike manufactures and sells branded footwear, apparel as well as equipment and different accessories. This range includes various brands offered across the world either supplied locally or through franchising.3. bedevil its supply chain more competitive as well as efficient through self-coloured operational discipline. NIKEs supply chain is truly a global supply chain due to the fact that it involves different stakeholders at different points in the supply chain. Besides, these stakeholders are spread across the world.4. Achieving inviolable cost advantage through adoptive lean manufacturing ism. NIKE has adapted a very unique manufacturing philosophy

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Globalisation - Essay ExampleThese dimensions acknowledge economic, political, security, environment, and health social, cultural among others. Globalisation was coined in 1980s but the excogitation is an ancient one that has a dissimilar significance to most people (Hansen et al, 2010). App atomic number 18ntly, scholars, policy makers and activist see it as a thread that could be used to advance the economy in the world while others view the concept as a danger to the economic systems in the world. In light of view of sphericalisation as the concept that is relevant to the world economy, there is a remarkable increase in worldwide trade and give-and-takes by increasingly open, integrated and borderless international economy. Besides, remarkable growth has be noted in trade and exchange not only in traditional and international trade of commodities and services, but also in bullion exchanges, in capital activities, transfer of technology, movement of people through internatio nal travelling and migration, everyplace and above, the campaign of nurture and ideas internationally (Ku?ng, 1998) Globalisation as an Unstoppable Force Globalisation has continually become an unstoppable force especially now when it has opened a golden chance for business, commerce and trade (Dervis and Altinay, 2011). In fact, never before in the history of the world has there emerged such a situation where numerous goods have been sold to many people in the easiest way as is happening currently. Moreover, the presence of information and communication has enabled everyone to access everything anywhere. In regard to this, markets are continually becoming worldwide, numerous corporations are richer and almighty as compared to some countries. Of importance to note, is that there is a combination of reduced trade barrier, financial liberalisation, over and above, a technological revolt that has totally changed the environment of business in most of the industrialized countries. fit to Boesak (2009), globalisation has promised more trade, more market, more business, and more information among other issues. This has been demonstrated through the wide wealth that has continuously been brought by the tide of globalisation. Why does the World need a Global slump of Ethic rules and What would They be? A global ethic can be described as an honorable perspective which incorporates significant ethical relations between states, between individuals who live in different societies. In the ethic, there are claims with regard to the existence of some universal values and norms concerning obligations that have global desktop (Chatterjee, 2011). Consequently, global ethics is a concept that entails ethical inquiry into the nature and explanation of the values and norms that are global. Simply, it articulates various issues that have risen in the recent past such as international aid, security, environmental problems, intervention and human rights. Never the less, sch olars interested with global ethics argue that it is not possible of the global ethics to be accepted by the world over to make a single society. free to mention, global ethics are crucial and should be accepted as they arguably promote the global goals (Hutchings, 2010). In the event that some global ethics are not embraced by a appreciable number of agents, the intended goals are not likely to be attained. Apparently, there can be divers(prenominal) global ethics and diverse understanding of the goals. Some global ethics

Humans & others mammals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

gentlemans & some others mammals - Essay recitationAnimals like the chimpanzees, apes and bonobos are good examples which through their anatomy and behaviors, prove that evolution is real. The organization of internal organs in the African apes and the human beings is similar. The bone structure is similar and they only differ in go and size. Human beings however lack tails and this depicts that at one point the man were analogous to the African apes but they withdraw evolved over time. All mammals are sexually dimorphic in that males are bigger than females by about 5-10% (Barton 79). This shows humans are similar to other mammals and are only superior because they have evolved over time.Evolution principles show that body features develop based on habitual bipedalism. The hands of humans are shorter than those of apes. This is because they locomote more using their hands rather than legs. Similarly the legs of human beings are overnight than those of apes. The human pelvis and the spinal column are adapted in such a focus that the humans remain erect and offer more stability for waking and running. This adaptation is believed to have been achieved collect to the competition between humans and other mammals and is evidence that evolution took place. Scientists have proved that the shape of the head teacher in apes and in humans is similar. However, they differ in size. This increase in the size of the brain proves that evolution has taken place. Human females reach the menopause stage at one point in life. However, other mammals like chimpanzees, apes and gorillas do not become sterile at any stage in life. The scientific explanation of this difference is based on human selection that is a factor that proves evolution (Barton 211).male person Bonobos protect the female bonobos. This characteristic is also present in other mammals such as apes. Human beings also have the same character of males protecting the females. This similarity shows a connecti on in the note of humans and apes.

Designing Continuous Auditing for a Highly Automated Procure-to-Pay Article

Designing Continuous Auditing for a Highly Automated Procure-to-Pay Process - Article Examplef a continuous supervise ashes also helps auditors to restrain out an independent monitor and enables them to carry out audit tasks on a continuous basis.There have been changes in business and auditing, which prompts auditors to guide use of continuous monitoring dodging and continuous auditing. The changes in auditing environment have made auditors cast use of graphic modeling in auditing financial statements, and this calls for the implementation of continuous auditing and monitoring system (Borthick, 2012). The master to pay process is a very complex automatize process which requires a continuous automated monitoring in order to effectively audit the process, the internal and external control, as well as all other financial records of any company that uses this process.However, it is not certain that the implementation of continuous monitoring system will help the auditors to effe ctively and efficiently carry out their auditing tasks. This is because implementing a continuous monitoring system on the procure-to pay process presents most impediments to the auditors (Borthick, 2012). Divergence by business practices where they divert from the original system as employees devise workarounds in order to meet exigencies may become an obstruction to the auditors. When employees stoop from the original system, companies end up changing the entire system in order to enable the system to support the employees work. This means that the auditing process will always be subject to continuing system sweetening and this can be a huge challenge for the auditors (Borthick, 2012).It is also true that the reliance on the system development life cycle that is warranted for the operation of system controls can create huge problems to the auditors. In some companies, the continuous monitoring is always based on the assumption that price looks up for pallets by each(prenomina l) day are correct in all aspects (Borthick, 2012). This assumption is tenuous given the interaction of changes

English - elements of poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English - elements of poetry - test ExampleSometimes, it works to look at the metrical composition according to structure and note how one volume or an entire line is associated to another within stanzas. In particular, I countenance observed that a poets choice of couplet, tercet, quatrain, cinquain, or sestet has something to do with the manner he would wish to convey the intensional essence of the piece.It is fascinating to know that poetry at present goes beyond a standard footmark or is not confined to follow a limited structure and form for whether a verse form is comprised of a lyrical, narrative, or descriptive features would necessarily depend on the main purpose of the author. Rhyme schemes collide with a good ingredient if the poet opts to express much delight in cloggy when writing in free verse which is not restricted by metrics. By personal experience, even if I pick out to go for an unrhymed blank verse, I discover significance in the proper application of so und and imagery for these elements effectively communicate the intensity of emotion or idea which the poet desires for the reader to comprehend in any event symbolism.Explicating a poem is a way of providing it a literary analysis on the basis of its theme, metaphoric elements or devices employed during the writing process which may as well include consideration of the poets timeframe, historical setting, and other influences from which to draw further clues regarding the objectives and context by which a poem is written. I have specifically learned that one may not merely explicate a poem at random, stating what is conceived or felt without sufficient basis on the relevant lines of a work. Having read a poem more than once, I have managed to figure that analytical efforts to interpret a poem require ponderous examination of the techniques as the poet operates between mood and music. Normally, it is convenient to detect the tone at the initial represent for this says much about t he subject and

Emblazoned symbols of decadence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emblazoned symbols of decadence - Essay ExampleBy using various symbols as literary devices in the poem, the poet is able to successfully illustrate what he felt like and the painful processes he underwent as he lived the life of a prisoner within the harsh confines of a remote motion ring. The powerful imagery and relatable concepts Okita manages to muster out of concrete nouns help him to masterfully paint mental pictures of what he and 110,000 other Japanese Americans emotionally went through from 1942 to 1946. Being forced into internment camps was a very trespassing(a) and demoralizing experience for Japanese Americans, and Okita eloquently captures the essence of how they felt by relating this hardship to a turtles smashed shell, which symbolizes not only the gutted houses they had to leave behind, still their squashed pride and self-respect. the middle of the poem, Okita relays how his neighbour Jimmi described the federal agency people prep ard turtle soup in the deep s outh as a way to symbolize what he went through as a result of being displaced, A huge sea turtle take a sledge hammer to the massive shell, wedge it reach with one simple, solid blow till the turtle can feel no home preceding(prenominal) him, till everything is taken away and there is nothing he will carry away from this moment, (Schmidt and Crockett 331). Without the poet spell out it out, the reader can easily see that victims of internment camps underwent a painful process similar to that of a turtle being stripped of his shell, which represents the security of his home. The reader understands that once the shell (home) is taken away and destroyed, frequently of the defenseless victims identity and self-worth is stolen away, as well. The vivid imagery of the turtle, which symbolizes both Japanese Americans (body) and their sacked homes (crushed shell), is used as a precision instrument to artfully and poignantly depict the tragedy that wartime prisoners endured. Okita sim ilarly goes on to use a barbed wire fence as a symbol to pass away an image of the harsh conditions faced by detainees, as well as the different perspective from which they viewed life. The poet draws on the past pleasure he took in figuring stars from his home in Fresno, California, where he often sang with the joy it brought him - gazing at the celestial wonders. He then describes the stars he sees in his Arkansas internment camp, which are accompanied by the sharp, unattractive stars made from barbed wire fences, The nice thing about counting stars is you can do it just about anywhere . . . Even in a relocation camp miles from home, even in Jerome, Arkansas where a barbed wire fence crisscrosses itself making stars of its own - but nothing worth counting, nothing worth singing to, (331). The barbed wire fence symbolizes the constraints from enjoying the world the way it was meant to be, while the fake stars it forms are symbolic of how internment camps provide horrible substitu tes for real (enjoyable) life on the outside. These literary conventions give the reader a better grasp of what life was really like inner(a) the confines of the camps. Lastly, Okita uses the imagery of his familys car before and during his internment to symbolize the condition of the detainees and their lives. He creatively does this while recounting about his mother, At night, she

Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Case Study ExampleOr the company may choose to externalize CSR operations by assisting environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and concentrating on their business activities without actively getting abstruse with CSR issues.The nature of CSR followed by us at Nestle is not too difficult to analyze because we argon very clear almost our fundamentals. CSR is so co-ordinated in our system that it has become a check and parcel of our business. We are proud of our integration with CSR. distinguishable experts on management have different views about CSR. This difficulty is exasperating because it does not allow CSR to be clearly defined. However, the management at Nestle are agreed on the fundamentals of CSR. We have a mutually advantageous situation with CSR. That is, the benefits of CSR to Nestle are in direct proportion to the benefits that CSR receives from us.Notwithstanding the point that we have such advantageous link with CRS, at that place are areas that we could explore for further benefits. Hitherto, we have not made any research on the unfeigned amount of benefits that we could source from CSR. In this paper, we will point an outline of the areas where we believe there are kitty of businesses that we quarter generate through CSR (Chen, Derek 2009).It is not be possible to measure the social responsibilities. ... CSR is so integrated in our system that it has become a part and parcel of our business. We are proud of our integration with CSR.Different experts on management have different views about CSR. This difficulty is exasperating because it does not allow CSR to be clearly defined. However, the management at Nestle are agreed on the fundamentals of CSR. We have a mutually advantageous situation with CSR. That is, the benefits of CSR to Nestle are in direct proportion to the benefits that CSR receives from us.Notwithstanding the fact that we have such advantageous link with CRS, there are area s that we could explore for further benefits. Hitherto, we have not made any research on the actual amount of benefits that we could source from CSR. In this paper, we will lay an outline of the areas where we believe there are plenty of businesses that we can generate through CSR (Chen, Derek 2009).How is social accountability measurableIt is not be possible to measure the social responsibilities. Social responsibilities are immense. As a company, we can do our bit to contribute to social responsibilities. We can do this in two ways. We can either get directly involved with social projects. Or we could associate with any government or non-governmental organization who is involved in social projects.Although it is difficult to measure CSR, we have been following CSR principles since long days now. The quality and quantity of our involvement in sustainable environment has been quite substantial. As we grow, the quantum of our contributions to CSR is only specify to grow.Nestls env ironmental stewardship is guided by three principles- Our responsibility towards society, present and future- Our desire to delight consumers- Our

Managing Organizational Deviance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing Organizational Deviance - Assignment lessonEthics in an enterprise include gross gross revenuepeople being honest, just and fair to all. Some individuals may grasp sales ethics as being an oxymoron or rather a contradiction depending on a number of factors including the culture of the people, the product itself, way the product or service is produced and delivered to customers as well as the behavior of the salespersons. The factors listed above are varied across cultures, nations and every action have both benefits and costs, which may render sales ethics an oxymoron. However, sales ethics is not an oxymoron. In most cases, it is the behavior of a salesperson, who connects the company and the customer (consumer) that largely contributes to the debate whether sales ethics is an oxymoron. If a salesperson creates and sustains a relationship that is based on honesty, commitment and trust, then the customer will be a lifelong and sales become ethical. The reason why sale s ethics is oxymoron First, nothing is perfect. At times, matters beyond the control of the sales persons hamper him or her from delivering their value proposition. For example, if a salesperson promises a customer that the product will be delivered in an hours time and it blocks, the salesperson will appear a cheat. But the delay may be occasion by traffic jam or breakdown among other sure-enough(prenominal) reasons. Secondly, the goals of the salesperson may make sales ethics a contradiction. This is true when a salesperson is operate by temptation and greed in the sense that he or she wants to make more commissions at the expense of the value delivered to the customer. For example, if a salesperson is fast-talking and extremely convincing, he or she often sells products to customers that have no value. According to Blocher (2008, 34), most adverts and salespersons do not reveal the complete story of products or services, which the buyer may not like. As a declaration, the cus tomer purchases products or services that they do not need in the first place and they will feel cheated. Thirdly, salespersons may report inaccurate sales. In an enterprise, there are various forms of rewards systems which include salary, promotions, and bonuses. Among the salespeople, these systems are put in place based on their performance. However, it can result in employees being involved in unethical behavior. In order to attain sales targets employees may opt to use unethical practices such as using pressure and recording false sales. omit of transparency may be costly to a company in the long run. It may bodge the sales, personal credibility and interfere with sales (Thorne 2008, 224). Such unethical behaviors may become persistent atomic number 82 to other unethical acts, which may drive the companys sales down significantly (Kidwell and Martin 2005, 44). Fourth, competitor drives companies and their salespersons to act against good morals. Duska (2007, 90) attest that the perception that every business is in a competition, and focuses mainly on how to improve profits may conflict with the existing ethics.

Comparison of J.S. Bachs Fugues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of J.S. Bachs Fugues - Essay ExampleThis was Bachs training ground. Bachs passe-partout career commenced in 1700 as a chorister in Luneburg, followed by positions as an organist in Arnstadt, Muhlhausen, and Weimar up until 1717. It was his accommodation in the ducal court at Weimar in 1708 where he started to compose fugues using contrapunctual 1techniques. In 1707 he composed the niggling Organ Fugue in G minor (BWV 578), also known as the Little Fugue or Little G minor. This music was originally written for the organ. As a typical fugue, the music commences with a brief musical theme, so called its subject, represented by a lone musical voice. This first voice continues and another enters to play the subject. Other voices enter one by one until there are several independent musical voices at play, developing the piece of music. The Little Fugue starts the subject in a minor key, but ends in with a (G) major chord, which was attribute of Baroque fugues of the time tha t were written in the minor keys.Bach composed The Art of Fugue, or Die Kunst de Fugue (BWV 1080) in 1748-1749 in Leipzig, where he was the Kantor 2of St Thomass.

Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine Essay

Britain and the empire The big Irish Famine - Essay ExampleThis essay will focus on Christine Kinealys findings on the paucity, mostly related to the relationship of Britain and Ireland during the years of the famine including relationship of the famine with churches, with monarchy, and the nationalist movement.Ever since the famine occurred in 1845, there have been a number of books and literature works published on it, til now the work of Kinealy has taken the famine literature to another level. Kinealy uses many sources and research materials that were otherwise not use to evaluate the famine. With these sources, she demonstrated another aspect of the famine with the relationship of Ireland and Britain during the famine. She focused on the role of the regimen and also on the importance of saving lives through private charity. Another aspect which Kinealy focuses on is the solid food supply which no one had ever discussed before. She talked ab step to the fore how Ireland prod uced enough food even after the murphy blight. It was her work which gave a new vision to the impact of the famine and the aspects which were given least attention.The book is an rating of Kinealys survey A Death Dealing Famine which she conducted in 1997. Her intention towards this book was not to give a general history, but to examine the famine through the number of different contexts and through her narrative. On her research of different contexts, there is new material presented on charity, memory, and the religious response. The interpretation of Kinealy is selfsame(a) to the controversial claim in 1997 that Ireland had in reality not suffered with deficit of food and the famine was artificial.Kinealy carried out a lot of research on the famine and chose to write about her ideology. Her book was highly criticized as it gave a different yet true picture of the Irish famine after about 50 years of misinterpretation. Her view and research actually

Abortion Legalization Importance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion Legalization Importance - Essay ExampleRecently, extreme opponent of pro-choice group, Joe Walsh, a representative of Illinois, argued that advances in technology and sciences have eliminated the need for miscarriage to save the lives of women. He claimed that the pro-choice activists atomic number 18 using the wellness issues of the mother as a tool to defend the abortion favoring policies. However, the statement issued by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist explained that abortion is necessary in many critical situations of pregnancy in run to save the life of mother. Several situations such as, infections, cases of preeclampsia, heart failure, very high blood pressure devolve to the only choice of abortion to save the life of mother. Despite advanced technology and development of science, in many of such cases abortion cant be avoided. In a way, legalization of abortion helps in such critical cases and medical community is morally and legally justi fied to perform abortion in order to save the life of mother.As many physicians refuse to perform abortion, the number of safe abortions work is gradually decreasing in many places. Despite legislation of abortion, due to the lack of proper health services, inadequate knowledge of the law, social stigma, and lack of health information, many women undergo through unsafe abortion in clinically unhygienic and unsafe conditions. It is estimated that over 22 million of the worlds yearly 47 million abortions are unsafe, and almost 30% of it results in serious medical complications.

Stereotype Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stereotype - Essay ExampleWomen on the other hand can in a flash be seen to be getting involved with the kind of seduce that gender wise, was left for man.The main concepts that have been presented in the articles are stereotypes that are experienced among the Stay At Home Dad. From the story, it can be learnt that SAHD faces several stereotypical arguments such as being unmanly enough. correspond to the Glen Sack, it is believed that men should always be out there balking for the family and should not be preoccupied with the household duties. sometimes they are also accused of living at the mercies of their stronger wives who have to go out there and fend for the family. In the case of the Hispanic women, the authors Jeffery Shelter and Michael have identified the connotations like, Hispanic women being hot distaff or sexual firebrands. These stereotypes are fueled by the media, which just pick the generalization and relay it without establishing facts close to it. Jeffery and Michael also suggest that this stereotype is something that is transferred from the parents specifically the mothers who at the tender age of their children begin to teach children slightly the images and what to regard as a good image and what is bad. They also do this through color separation, where manful children are associated with the blue colors while female children areThe change in the gender habits has been peerless of the achievements that have been made in the society to ensure that gender equality and equity are observed. This nevertheless also comes with its own challenges. First and foremost, when gender roles change, new responsibilities are realized. With increase in rights, comes responsibility. What has been elaborated conservatively in the articles particularly by Glen Sack on SAHD. Men now got to adjust to new role of taking care of the children in the house. He now must admit that women must also now contribute in the house just like the man would do in order to stand up

SILK ROAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SILK ROAD - Essay Exampleccording to David Christian, the trans-ecological exchanges made possible by the Silk route routes contributed greatly to the exploitation of get by within the Afro-Eurasian region, specifically, trade between the regions rural communities, steppe pastoralists, and woodland foragers.The natural features of the Silk street indicate that ecological factors have played a great role in intensifying trade along the Silk Road. For one, the Silk Roads cross the borders of desert areas or barren steppes inhabited by pastoralists. These kinds of ecological borders bring out the necessity for trade because the essential goods needed by the people living on very distinguishable environments are also different. In fact, given these ecological factors, it would be astonishing if trade did not parade along the Silk Road. The products traded along the Silk Road routes prove how dynamic trade was in the Afro-Eurasian region. Many of the products traded came from the w oodland or steppeland, whilst several of the products made by the agrarian communities were sold to the steppes.David Christian emphasises that the Silk Roads naturally are sea and land routes refering east and west, particularly, connecting the agricultural communities of inner Asia and functioning as channels transporting products, ideas, religion, and even diseases. Moreover, Christian views Steppe Roads, which connect the Eurasian agricultural and grassland areas, as trade routes, stimulated by a natural commercial calling of goods from pastoral and agricultural regions. Trade products were perhaps bartered most intensely across the ecological boundary dividing agrarian and pastoral areas, although a number of products certainly crossed the steppes.The Silk Road linking China and the Middle East cultured trade of agricultural products, specially made goods, ideas, and religious beliefs. But because of the dynamic evolution of civilisations in China, the Silk Road ceased to b e merely a connecting link between

Wireless Deployment Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

radiocommunication Deployment Plan - Assignment ExampleAs for the student population, there will be a real necessary access to the internet which aids in easing congestion in the learning areas, supra increasing efficiency to the populace.It is very requisite that the authorities having the responsibility of deploying the radio set network are informed of the solutions they are seeking from the new network that is not readily available in the traditional wire network architecture (Trulove, 2002). In most cases, mobility is the most appealing wireless feature. The through-the-air connection from a wireless AP to any enable device calls for other issues to. Key amongst them is the essence of mobility to the institution, in this case the campus. Other issues that spring are the mode of connection to be spelt out on the ground, essence of remote connection, phonate calls and such.Planning of the network set up determines the best suited WLAN architectural adoption with regards to the skirt environment (Syngress, 2002). Benefits gained from well-suited different environments from stand alone and centrally coordinated architectures available.Depending on deployment area, age of wired infrastructure, grammatical construction architecture and types of applications to be supported both stand alone and centrally coordinated architectures have advantages and disadvantages. It is essential to have effective and efficient way to manage network regardless of the chosen approach.Site great deal is critical before expansion and deployment of the network it enables identification of appropriate technologies to deploy, elimination and avoidance of obstacles, user needs, electrical condenser required to carry out the exercise, expertise needed, area coverage and resources required to successfully ensure mould implementation up to its decommissioning.The purpose of this research is to provide recommendations for installation of this network. It aims at achieving

Social Implications of Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Social Implications of Business Ethics EssayFor this part of my assignment I take a leak been asked to decipher the social implications of business ethics which face my chosen comp whatever. I will be looking at social implications such as trade substances and protest pigeonholings. I will then describe how these groups whitethorn affect my system.Government policies The political relation creates the rules female genitals how a business is run and how it can interact with arguing and other business. The government has the ability to diverge these rules and also the framework which then means that the business has to change the way in which it operates. An font of when a business has had to change the way it operated due to the government is when the Malaysia government brought in a law which stated that Tesco had a five year freeze on grammatical construction any more supermarkets in three major cities of the country due to the fact their presence was controversial. The oblige statedDespite having been in Malaysia for a relatively short time, and having few stores, Tescos presence has been controversial and a catalyst for the implementation of stricter trading laws. As of January 2004, there is a five-year freeze on the building of any new hypermarkets in Malysias three major cities Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Johor Bahru.We have to think ab pop whether it is estimable to bombard a third world country with any of these supermarkets. The obligate went on to say that due to the fact they werent allowed to open new stores they just extended the hours in the other supermarkets to 24hour. Is this ethical to put a 24hour Tesco in a third world country. It is going to cause noise and pollution and also a visual modality of controversy. Tesco have stated on their website that they plan for world domination. This is a scary thought for many nation in society as these big supermarkets atomic number 18 becoming very powerful, in fact alike powerful. In one article I found that the government had actually given in to supermarkets . The article statedLabour has been accused of caving in to big business cronies after it was revealed that planning safe guards for Britains historic town centres were scrapped following pressure from the supermarket giants. The disclosure will fuel suspicion that Tesco, Sainsburys and Asda have a strange hold on government policy, while small business owners struggle to be heard. (www.thisismoney.co.uk )Pressure Groups A pressure group can be described as an organised group that does non put candidates up for election, but seeks to influence government policy or legislation. The aim of all pressure groups is to influence the people who actually have the power to make decisions. Tesco has attracted recent criticism for its activities. Tesco is a massive business ,which now takes 1 in every 8 made in UK shops. The organisation has become very dominating and is always expanding. But this success has ap parently come at a price and chief executive Terry Leahy is careful to monitor confrontation to the business. The company puts it success drink down to the ability to meet customer demand. It is important that Tesco make sure that fears over their marketing power does non affect their business or reputation. A pressure group called friends of the earth point to Tescos policies of purchase up large amounts of landing order to build new stores, fighting battles with local communities over planning, and delivery the companys brand to the high street through its purchase of small convenience stores. The opposition voiced by FOE is well summarised in its report calling the shots How supermarkets get their way in planning decisionsThe key questions here are not round illegal activity, but about an wear of democracy, with the inability of local authorities to make a decision against supermarkets. Many councillors express strong appertain about the potential impact of major supermar kets on their community, but they are often unable to win over these concerns into decisions because the planning system and the strength of the supermarkets act against them.Tesco also face opposition from less mainstream pressure groups for example a group called Tescopoly, this is an online group which aims to expose and limit what they see as the market- distorting power of the business. The group points out to people when Tesco have overstepped their permission to build retail outlets or where they have admitted to breaking the planning regulations. Is it ethical that Tesco are not listening to what they have been told because they believe they are so powerful that they do not need to listen.Trade Unions A trade union is an organisation of workers that have banded together to come common goals such as better operative conditions. The trade union through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of the union members. I have found an article which shows a trade un ion standing forward for employees about an issue they are un happy article. The article named Tesco and Trade union at logger heads over strike taken from road transport.com readsTesco and the TGWU section of the Unite trade union were both claiming a success this week following three days of strike action at the supermarkets depot in Scotland over drivers yield and conditions. The union claims picket lines reduced supplies coming out of the Livingston depot by 75% and the public were behind the drivers stand against Tesco. It is now considering a national ballot for strike action.Is it ethical that Tesco employees are claiming poor working conditions for drivers? It is important to always look at two sides of every argument on the Tesco website they claim that they go good pay to all their workers and that they always comply with health and safety regulations so working conditions are good.

Server-side scripting of web pages part 2 Essay Example for Free

Server-side scripting of web pages part 2 essay

Others vs. leaders Essay Example for Free

Others vs. hinters EssayTo further test why on that imply was a difference in the above results, t-test was further conducted betwixt the two groups to identify the items where there are possible differences between the two groups under study. B. 1. leadinghip, stop 1 in that respect was no portentous difference between the leadershiphip spurious hemorrhoid of the Others root and the leading theme. This souseds that as cold as the leadershiphip indicators were irritationed the two groups could be considered as belonging to the same population, card 4. Table 4. T-Test Results of Leadership Mean heaps of the Others theme and the Leaders class Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance.Leadership 3. 805 4. 186 -1. 68 p=0. 10n. s. n. s. = non noteworthy (accept assumption sozzled scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject energy hypothesis) This implied that although the respondents belonged to different echelons in the organization stu died, as farthermost as the Leadership, Item 1, measures are concerned the subordinate Officers and the Senior Officers perform at the same level. B. 2. Strategic Planning, Item 2 The t-test showed there was no significant difference between c all back scores of the two groups suggesting uniformity in percept as far as the indicators of strategic planning were concerned, Table 5.Table 5. T-Test Results of Strategic Planning Mean Scores of the Others host and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Strategic Planning 3. 852 4. 19 -1. 13 p=0. 265n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 3. customer and Market Focus, Item 3 The t-test on comparing the mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group showed a significant difference between the two groups with the Leaders Group considerably had higher mean score, Table 6.Table 6. T-Test Results of Customer and Ma rket Focus Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Customer and Market Focus 2. 708 3. 143 -2. 09 p=0. 043 * n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 4. Measurement, Analyses and Knowledge Management, Item 4 in that respect is no significant difference between the Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group, Table 7. Table 7.T-Test Results of Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Measurement, Analyses, and Knowledge Management 3. 795 3. 531 0. 64 p=0. 527n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 5. Human Resource Focus, Item 5 there is no significant difference between the Human Resource Focus mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group, Table 8. Table 8.T-Test Results of Human Resource Focus Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Human Resource Focus 3. 217 3. 35 -0. 55 p=0. 587n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 6. parade Management, Item 6 There is no significant difference between the operate Management mean scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group. Table 9. T-Test Results of Process Management Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance.Process Management 3. 772 3. 819 -0. 24 p=0. 813n. s. n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 7. Business Results, Item 7 There is significant difference between the Business Results mean scores of th e Others Group and the Leaders Group. The Others and the Leaders Group differed in their responses for Business Results. The Leaders Group had higher responses for these types of questions, Table 10. Table 10. T-Test Results of Business Results Mean Scores of the Others Group and the Leaders Group.Variables Others Leaders t-test Significance Business Results 2. 245 2. 926 -2. 23 p=0. 031* n. s. = not significant (accept hypothesis mean scores of others = leaders) * significant at 1% level (reject null hypothesis) B. 8. Implications of the t-test Results The t-test conducted revealed significant difference between the two groups on two items, namely Customer and Market Focus, Item 3 and Business Results, Item 7. According to the Baldrige Criteria, the Customer and Market Focus Category, Item 3, examines how the organization determines requirements, needs, expectations, and preferences of customers and markets.Also examined is how the organization builds relationships with customers a nd determines the Key Factors that lead to customer acquisition and satisfaction, loyalty and retention, and to business expansion and sustainability. We take note that this concern is a concern essentially external to the organization but defines the rationale or importance of the organization to the bigger edict through which the organization was dedicated in serving. In the military service, the customer and market are presumably not just now the men and women in the service but the public at large and all its agencies.It could be expected that the top echelon of the military leadership surveyed in the study were concerned not only with how the organization works but whether the expectations of its function to serve the public at large were being met. some other item which showed significant difference with the Leaders Group scoring higher than the Others Groups is Business Results, Item 7. establish from the Baldrige indicators, this item is customer-oriented and measures i mplementation geared at satisfying the customer as well as performance in the marketplace.In other words, this item is concerned with results which would accomplish the mandate or foreign mission of the organization. Again, we take note that this item is external to the organization which leads us to a possible explanation for such(prenominal) a result. The differences between the two groups suggested that there was a sort of a transformation in perception of officers as they go up in the hierarchy. This support the earlier observation that positions in the organization may have its own requirements given its functions which shape the perception or point of view of those occupying such positions.C. remove from the correlation coefficient Matrix for the Leaders Group To further probe into the nature of the difference of point of views or priorities between the two groups, cross- correlativity between the items were conducted on the Leader Group. The results revealed a negative or inverse correlational statistics between Strategic Planning, Item 2, and Customer Market Focus, Item 3 whereas, a positive correlation between Strategic Planning, Item 2 and Process Management, Item 6, Table 11. Table 11. Excerpt from the Correlation Matrix for Leaders Strategic Planning Item 2.Customer and Market Focus, Item 3 -0. 811 0. 027 Process Management, Item 6 0. 955 0. 001 Cell Contents Pearson correlation p-Value These results further showed us some trends which were not shown in the cross correlation test conducted for the Others Group. That is, for leaders in key positions, the concern is satisfying the goals and achieving the results and the details identical scheme become a lesser concern. Arguably, the top echelon of the military leadership has the whole organization working(a) under its wings which would deliver and perform.Specifics, then have to be largely delegated to the Junior Officers. The positive correlation between strategy and process management sugge sted that top leadership in the case of the respondents surveyed in this study, besides did not bother much with the details of certain processes possibly as in the case of strategy relegating the meticulous tasks to Junior Officers. Again, this supported the previous trend of position based perspectives suggesting opposing point views may be due to position occupied.

How the business deals with legal factors Essay Example for Free

How the business organisation turn overs with legal factors EssayA legal factor that has a big encroachment on Tescos is protecting employees which, includes the laws ab extinct how many hours an employee can work. This amount of hours depends on the employees contract, if they argon a full time member of round then they have to work between 35-45 hours a hebdomad but no more, these hours besides have to be over reasonably shift, for example having a 8 hour shift a day over 5 days a hebdomad. If they are a part time member then they can work any amount of hours a week as long as it is no longer the 35 hours. This can impact on Tescos as they have to keep to the terms and conditions of their contracts with staff , which could affect activates Tescos wish to do as they may not fit in the with hours the members of staff involved can work. Tescos can deal with this by offering ordain to work staff overtime shifts, if staff are willing to do this, it doer that Tescos doesnt ne ed to employ any more member which works out better for them as if they were to do this, they would then have to find the correct amount of hours agreed in the contact which might not be available.Even though some staff maybe willing to work more hours, they may feel that be hunting expedition they are helping out the business that they dont need to be as professional and honest as they are when functional their own plan shifts, this word (http//www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/tesco-accused-of-using-electronic-armbands-to-monitor-its-staff-8493952.html)is about how Tescos is trying to deal with this issue. Tescos has postdate up with this idea of its warehouse and forklift staff wearing electronic bracelets which helps improve the efficiency of it workers as it means they dont have to carry around items such as pen and paper as the armband collects this data which also means they are collection correct data. This armband also eitherows Tescos to monitor their staff to check that they are doing their hypothesizes when expected of them and that they are not taking any un-agreed breaks, the arm band also informs the staff of when they are allowed there breaks.This helps Tescos make sure their staff are not working over the hours allowed or working under the hours agreed. A legal factor that impacts Tata motorsis the protection of customers and employees, like all businesses Tata has to keep to legal factors and laws, the need to treat all of their customers fairly and honestly, this helps customers feel they can trust the business as well as giving the a good reputation. Challenges that Tata face when selling their products are make sure they pass the sales of good act which means they need to describe the product merely how it is and not say it does something it actually doesnt.It also needs to pass the customer credit act. http//www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-motors-focus-on-customer-satisfaction-to-woo-back-buyers-114111600 186_1.html this article explains how they are going out of their way to make sure the give there customers the best divine service they possibly can. The article states that Tata motor has previously had problems with their customer service. They have taken this feedback and actually work on making it better by improving the quality of manufacture and repairs. How the business deal with social factorsA common social factor that affects business is equal rights for both man and womanish workers and peoples religion. This could impact Tescos as if anyone feels as though they are being judged or unable to do something because of these reasons then they could cause problems for Tescos by making complaints either to their managers or their union. To make sure this doesnt happen Tescos has to make sure that their staff know that everyone treated the same and if there are people applying for a job they cannot turn them away because of these reason, the only way they can do this is if some one is disabled in some way and their disability would stop them from doing the job required, however if this is the care they have to inform this mortal that is the reason but in a kind way as not to offend them.Tescos deal with these possible problem by getting new applicants to have a cv which is what they are judged upon or the job, they then have interview/trial which is so that they are then judged upon their abilities to do the job not on the gender or religious view. Tescos has coped well with this issues as if you are to go into their stores you are cl beforehand(predicate) able to see a balanced level of both male and female staff, Tescos also considers the religious view and has there store open later and close early on a Sunday as most religions see this a day of rest.

Synthesis of 4‐methylcyclohexene Essay Example for Free

Synthesis of 4methylcyclohexene EssayAbstract4-methylcyclohexanol was synthesized to 4-methylcyclohexene using vapor. 4-methylcyclohexanol was change to reflux and the subsequent distillation (4-methylcyclohexe) was collected. It was then purified using sodium chloride to separate products and an anhydrous solid was then added and filtered. The resolutioning product had a muss of 0.399 g and a portion yield of 41%. The product was positively identified and characterized as 4-methylcyclohexene via IR and Br2 assay.IntroductionTo synthesize 4-methylcyclohexene from 4-methylcyclohexanol the startle material can be dehydrated resulting in the desired compound. For dehydration to be possible the OH group on the 4-methylcyclohexene must first be converted into H2O by means of an acidulent-base reaction using a strong acid catalyst such as phosphorous acid and sulfuric acid. The H2O will then become the favored leaving group and digress on its own resulting in the formation of a carbocation in excess piddle. The water will nullify the acidic hydrogen on the carbocation producing the desired alkene as well as regenerating the acid catalyst (fig. 2). A time effective way to collect the 4-methylcyclohexene is to heat the reaction to reflux as it is taking place.This allows the product to be separated from the starting materials by means of the boiling point stochastic variable between the isolated alkene (101-102 C) and the starting alcohol (171-173 C). After the distillate is collected any impurities of water and phosphoric acid can be extracted by adding sodium chloride, drying the resulting organic layer with an anhydrous solid, andfiltration. IR of both the starting alcohol and the resulting alkene can be compared as a means of identification and characterization as well as a Br2 test to ensure the correct product was formed. execution and ObservationsA change of 4-methylcyclohexanol (1.5mL), 85% phosphoric acid (0.40mL), and six drops of concent rated sulfuric acid were heated to reflux. The mixture turned a dark brown upon reaction and darkened with exposure to heat. Initially the heat up temperature reached 190C but was then lowered and maintained within the range of 160-180C until the reaction mixture stopped boiling. The resulting distillate was collected and removed. The stillhead the distillate was collected in was then washed with sodium chloride (1.0ml) and the subsequent mixture was added to the product. This mixture was shaken and aqueous and organic layers were allowed to form. The aqueous layer was removed from the organic and the organic dried with anhydrous solid and filtered through a cotton-plugged pipet. The mass of the product as well as a percent yield was determined. An IR was taken and compared to the starting material as well as a Br2 test.Results and Calculations4-methylcyclohexanol starting mass 1.164 gactual 4-methylcyclohexene mass 0.399 g4-methylcyclohexanol breakwaterecular(a) weight = 114 g/m ol4-methylcyclohexene molecular weight = 96 g/molPercent yield calculations% yield = (actual yield/ theoretical yield) * degree Celsius%1.164 g 4-methylcyclohexanol * 1mol 4-methylcyclohexanol/114 g * 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexanol/ 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexene * 96 g/ 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexene = 0.980 g 4-methylcyclohexene (theoretical yield) 0.399 g/ 0.980 g = 0.407 * 100% = 40.7% = 41%Br2 test4-methylcyclohexene 140 drops to reach excess4-methylcyclohexanol 1 drop to reach excessDiscussion and ConclusionIn conclusion, 4-methylcyclohexene was successfully synthesized via dehydration from 4-methylcyclohexanol. This result was verify by comparing the IR spectra of both compounds as well as by performing a Br2 test. The IR spectra for the synthesized material lacked the broad O-H peak found in the spectra of the starting material and which is characteristic of a compound containing an alcohol as well as containing peaks for both sp2 and sp3 hybridized C-H groups, both of which are consiste nt with the stereochemistry of 4-methylcyclohexene.Moreover, the results of the Br2 test supported the positive characterization of the product as 4-methylcyclohexene. 140 drops Bromine were required until the compound turned red consistent with the chemistry of Bromine and the alkene forming 1,2dibromo4methylcyclohexane and explaining why the mixture remained colorless for so long. The product was synthesized with a decent to poor percent yield as evidenced by the 41%. This poor yield very likely was caused by the excess heat initially added to the reflux reaction, the result of which was charring and possibly by too much acid catalyst being added to the starting material.

Financial management Essay Example for Free

Financial management EssayQ1. What be the goals of pecuniary management?Ans.Financial management means maximation of economic welfargon of its shareowners. Maximization of economic welfare means maximation of riches of its shareholders. Shareholders wealth maximation is reflected in the market place treasure of the firms shares. Experts believe that, the goal of financial management is attained when it maximizes the market place of shares. There are two versions of the goals of financial management of the firm- Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization. Profit maximizationProfit maximization is based on the cardinal rule of efficiency. Its goal is to maximize the returns with the best issue and price levels. A firms movement is evaluated in terms of gainability. Profit maximization is the conventional and narrow approach, which aims at maximizing the acquire of the concern. Allocation of resources and investors perception of the companys performance give notice be traced to the goal of profit maximization.Wealth maximizationThe term wealth means shareholders wealth or the wealth of the persons those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is to a fault cognize as protect maximization or net present worth maximization. This objective is an universally trustworthy concept in the field of business. Wealth maximization is possible only when the company pursues policies that would increase the market look on of shares of the company. It has been accepted by the finance managers as it overcomes the limitations of profit maximization.The following arguments are in support of the superiority of wealth maximization over profit maximization * Wealth maximization is based on the concept of currency flows. Cash flows are a reality and not based on any subjective interpretation. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on any subjective interpretat ion. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on accounting profit and it also contains some subjective elements.* Wealth maximization considers time place of notes. Time value of funds translates silver flow occurring at different intents into a comparable value at zero period. In this operate, the quality of cash flow is considered critical in all decisions as it incorporates the chance associated with the cash flow stream. It finally crystallizes into the rate of return that allow inspire investors to part with their hard earned savings. Maximizing the wealth of the shareholders means net present value of the decisions implemented.Q2. let off the factors affecting Financial Plan.Ans. To help your organization succeed, you should develop a intent that needs to be followed. This applies to beginning the company, developing new product, creating a new department or any undertaking that affects the companys future. There are several factors that affect intend in an organization. To create an efficient plan, you need to register the factors involved in the planning process. Organizational planning is affected by many factors Priorities In almost companies, the precession is generating revenue, and this priority can sometimes interfere with the planning process of any project. When you start the planning process for any project, you need to assign each of the issues facing the company a priority rating.That priority rating go a delegacy determine what issues will sidetrack you from the planning of your project, and which issues can wait until the process is complete. conjunction Resources Having an idea and developing a plan for your company can help your company to grow and succeed, scarcely if the company does not have the resources to make the plan come together, it can stall progress. One of the premier(prenominal) steps to any planning process should be an evaluation of the resources necessary to complete the project, compared t o the resources the company has available. nigh of the resources to consider are finances, personnel, space requirements, access to materials and vendor relationships. Forecasting A company constantly should be forecasting to help prepare for changes in the marketplace.Forecasting sales revenues, materials equal, personnel costs and overhead costs can help a company plan for upcoming projects. Without accurate forecasting, it can be unmanageable to tell if the plan has any chance of success, if the company has the capabilities to pull off the plan and if the plan will help to strengthen the companys standing within the industry. For example, if your forecasting for the cost of goods has changed due to a sudden increase in material costs, then that can affect elements of your product roll-out plan, including projected profit and the long-term commitment you might need to make to a supplier to try to get the low price possible. Contingency Planning To successfully plan, an organ ization needs to have a contingency plan in place. If the company has decided to pursue a new product line, there needs to be a part of the plan that addresses the possibility that the product line will fail.Q3. Explain the time value of money.Ans.Money has time value. A rupee today is more valuable than a year hence. It is on this concept the time value of money is based. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is super vital in financial decision fashioning. Most financial decisions such as the purchase of assets or procurement of funds, affect the firms cash flows in different time periods. For example, if a quick-frozen asset is purchased, it will require an immediate cash outlay and will generate cash flows during many future periods. Similarly if the firm borrows funds from a bank or from any other source, it receives cash and commits an obligation to pay interest and repay principal in future periods. The firm may also raise funds by issuing uprightness shares . The firms cash balance will increase at the time shares are issued, but as the firm pays dividends in future, the outflow of cash will occur. Sound decision-making requires that the cash flows which a firm is expected to give up over period should be logically comparable. In fact, the absolute cash flows which differ in timing and risk are not directly comparable.Cash flows become logically comparable when they are appropriately adjusted for their differences in timing and risk. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is extremely vital in financial decision-making. If the timing and risk of cash flows is not considered, the firm may make decisions which may allow it to overlook its objective of maximizing the owners welfare. The welfare of owners would be maximized when Net Present Value is created from making a financial decision. It is thus, time value concept which is important for financial decisions.Thus, we conclude that time value of money is central to the co ncept of finance. It recognizes that the value of money is different at different points a of time. Since money can be put to productive use, its value is different depending upon when it is received or paid. In simpler terms, the value of a certain amount of money today is more valuable than its value tomorrow. It is not because of the distrust involved with time but purely on account of timing. The difference in the value of money today and tomorrow is referred as time value of money.Q6. What are the assumptions of MM approach?Ans.Modigliani Millar approach, popularly known as the MM approach is similar to the Net in operation(p) income approach. The MM approach favors the Net operating income approach and agrees with the fact that the cost of bully is independent of the degree of leverage and at any cock of debt-equity proportions. The significance of this MM approach is that it provides operational or behavioral exculpation for constant cost of capital at any degree of leve rage. Whereas, the net operating income approach does not provide operational justification for independence of the companys cost of capital.Basic Propositions of MM approach1. At any degree of leverage, the companys overall cost of capital (ko) and the Value of the firm (V) remains constant. This means that it is independent of the capital structure. The total value can be obtained by capitalizing the operating earnings stream that is expected in future, displaceed at an appropriate discount rate suitable for the risk undertaken.2. The cost of capital (ke) equals the capitalization rate of a pure equity stream and a premium for financial risk. This is equal to the difference between the pure equity capitalization rate and ki times the debt-equity ratio.3. The minimum cut-off rate for the purpose of capital investments is fully independent of the way in which a project is financed.Assumptions of MM approach1. Capital markets are perfect. 2. All investors have the alike expectatio n of the companys net operating income for the purpose of evaluating the value of the firm. 3. Within similar operating environments, the business risk is equal among all firms. 4. 100% dividend payout ratio. 5. An assumption of no taxes was there earlier, which has been removed.Limitations of MM hypothesis1. Investors would find the personalised leverage inconvenient. 2. The risk perception of corporate and personal leverage may be different. 3. Arbitrage process cannot be smooth due the institutional restrictions. 4. Arbitrage process would also be affected by the transaction costs. 5. The corporate leverage and personal leverage are not perfect substitutes. 6. Corporate taxes do exist. However, the assumption of no taxes has been removed later.

What caused the dust bowl Essay Example for Free

What caused the dust bowl EssayIn 1803, Pre billetnt Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the disseminated multiple sclerosis River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans, and it doubled the size of the United States and there was more to go. Thanks to the Louisiana purchased U.S. has gotten a better geographic, economic, social, and political stable. There was more land for the population to stretch out. More gold to be mine. Better education for the poverty. And finally there are the Democratic and Republican parties that change the political side of view.To begin the main thing that changed the U.S. when Louisiana was purchased was the new geographic of U.S. This was a really good thing for farmers and agriculture, and a lot of settlers found opportunities in the new land. There were more states for large number to move into them. besides another good thing wa s that there were more railroads for transportation. One negative fact about people going to the west was that the Native Americans were losing their territory, and fighting each other for the least territory there was left. other terrific victory about the Louisiana Purchase was the boost of economic that was improving. There were so umteen things happening at the same time when people were moving to the west. There were separate of inventions being do like the Steamboat, the Telegraph, the Steam Locomotive and many more.Another good thing that helps the economic was the gold the boot in California 1841. Also industrialization bear on the economic because goods began to be machine made quite an than hand made. And finally there was the agriculture economic were there was lots of plantation of cotton and lots of invention for the farmers. Finally the westward expansion affected the U.S. in political views. One thing that U.S. got affected politically was that later on comes the civil war when states try to separate. Another way was slaves tried to escape valve from their owners. Also during that time Andrew Jackson becomes president. Andrew became a famous president by not following rules like the constitution and by adding Florida to the U.S. Finally the Democratic and Republican parties are invented.

The Role of RNA Polymerase and the Death Cap Mushroom Essay Example for Free

The Role of RNA Polymerase and the wipeout Cap mushroom cloud EssayBeing a health c be worker, the role of how substances affect the consistence are always fascinating and intriguing. The role of the Death Cap Mushroom, which is appropriately named, is one that is simple scarce can have fatal implications. In Britain, the Death Cap Mushroom is attri furthered to 75% of all fatalities that are caused by ingesting mushrooms (Kibby, 2006). These are deaths that are certainly avoidable, but yet continue to happen. The Death Cap Mushroom scientific name is the Amanita phallodes. When it is ingested, it causes a deadly reaction in the human beings organic structure. The major toxin chemical mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II in DNA reproduction. The reason this becomes deadly is that this is a vital enzyme in the synthesis of the messenger RNA and without it, protein synthesis cannot happen and new cell production ceases. (Karlson-Stiber C, Persson, H (2003). When the human body is no longer able to recreate the template for new cell reproduction, the old cells go past and new ones can no longer be reproduced and this quickly causes system failure in the body and the organs begin to fail rapidly. Due to the onset of symptoms taking between 12 and 30 hours to be visible, the damage has already taken place and is irreparable and can quickly lead to death. (Elpel, T (2011).The two vital organs that are affected first are usually the liver and the kidneys. This can quickly become a life threatening process. Although there is no cure for the toxicity, it has been treated with large doses of penicillin and Vitamin C, but there this is not a proven treatment and the only prevention of the ingestion of these mushrooms is safe. In well-nigh cases, if the person actually survives, a liver transplant would be needed to allow the person to live. tuition on how deadly ingesting the Death Cap mushroom is sorely needed to prevent the unnecessary death s that it causes all(prenominal) year.References1.Kibby, Guide to mushrooms of Britain and Europe, Octopus Publishing, (2006) 2.Karlson-Striber C, Persson, H, (2003)Cyto toxic fungioverview-Toxic 3.Elpel, T (2011) Amanitaeac The Deadly Amanita Family

Direct and Online Marketing - the New Marketing Model Essay Example for Free

Direct and Online Marketing the New Marketing instance EssayI. INTRODUCTIONWith the growth of the profits community and the limitless possibilities the Internet gives to the single handlingr, it didnt take yearn before nighone realized that the World Wide electronic network is a really good center for the commercial entrepreneur. So, very quickly the online market was born, offering almost all kinds of goods to be purchased and acquainted to your door. This new online star was called electronic commerce, or ecommerce.E-commerce is a complex term referring to the move of selling and buying products and go oer the Internet or early(a) electronic arrangings. Considered as the gross revenue aspect of the e- business sector, the electronic commerce has revolutionized affair as a routine activity for the contemporary man by bringing the market locating to your home base or the office, thus saving you time and efforts.The development of e-commerce has given birth to ne w terms such(prenominal) as electronic funds transfer, online transaction processing, electronic selective in castation interchange (EDI), Internet merchandising, automated data collection systems, etc. They all designate certain key components of the sophisticated e-commerce system.The majority of processes running at heart the e-commerce system argon carried out on the World Wide Web. It is on the web where goods and services be presented through variously designed e-commerce websites to match the taste of a incident target audience. From there nodes toilette order the desired items and pay for them in a variety of supported e-payment options such as opinion cards, PayPal, etc. Certain e-commerce operations atomic number 18 executed via email as well. These may include send order placement confirmations or electronic invoice notifications to the buyers personal mailbox after a particular purchase.Depending on the nature of the offered products and services, ecommerce oper ations may involve virtual and physical items. Due to the increasing use of the Internet in our daily lives, the percentage of the virtual items distributed through ecommerce is fastly growing. These include services ilk buying admission to limited access websites or electronic versions of newspapers and magazines, online gaming, etc. Nevertheless, the majority of e-commerce transactions are still related to the purchase and transportation of physical items.As far as the parties involved in the online transaction process are concerned, ecommerce bottom be thought of as being business-to-consumer, more(prenominal) best-selling(predicate) as B2C, and business-to-business, besides kn experience as B2B. The B2C ecommerce, conducted between business entities and consumers, includes all online stores (e-shops) offering retail products and services to end nodes such as flower stores, shoe stores, furniture stores, etc. The B2B commerce, on the other hand, takes place between busines s entities precisely, such as wholesalers and retailers, on not that widely popular web stores.The rapid expansion of ecommerce has made it possible for almost all big retail companies to set up their own online stores with on a regular basis updated content. Thus, it is now easier than ever to obtain an item from the latest collection of your favorite clothes brand, or be among the first to take advantage of a starting clearance campaign. Moreover, the ecommerce fashion is gradually infecting littler retail companies, which find it as a good chance to expand their reach to potential customers and gain the selling volumes. This trend is stimulated by the attractive low-cost ecommerce hosting services offered by antithetical hosts on the web.II. ONLINE MARKETINGOnline trade, also known as online advertisement, internet market, online marketing or e-marketing, is the marketing and promotion of products or services over the Internet. Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web to deliver marketing messages to attract customers.TYPES OF ONLINE MARKETING* Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the profile of a website or a web varlet in a chase locomotives natural or un-paid (organic) attempt conduces. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the look for results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engines exploiters. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines.As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what hatful search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to some(prenomina l) increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the minute of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic. The plural of the abbreviation SEO back tooth refer to search engine optimizers, those who add SEO service.* Pay-Per-Click denote (also called cost per click) is an Internet advertising model employ to direct traffic to websites, where advertisers pay the publisher (typically a website owner) when the ad is clicked. With search engines, advertisers typically bid on keyword phrases relevant to their target market. Content sites commonly charge a fixed price per click rather than use a bidding system. PPC viewing advertisements, also known as pennon ads, are shown on web sites or search engine results with related content that have agreed to show ads. In contrast to the generalized portal, which seeks to drive a high volume of traffic to one site, PPC implements the so- called affiliate model that provides purchase opportunities wherever heap may be surfing.It does this by offering financial incentives (in the form of a percentage of revenue) to affiliated coadjutor sites. The affiliates provide purchase-point click-through to the merchant. It is a pay-for-performance model If an affiliate does not generate sales, it represents no cost to the merchant. Variations include banner exchange, pay-per-click, and revenue sharing programs. Websites that utilize PPC ads will pageant an advertisement when a keyword query matches an advertisers keyword list, or when a content site displays relevant content.Such advertisements are called sponsored links or sponsored ads, and appear adjacent to, above, or beneath organic results on search engine results pages, or anywhere a web developer chooses on a content site. Among PPC providers, Google AdWords, Yahoo Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter utilise to be the 3 capaciousst network operators, and all three operate under a bid-based model.In 2010, Yahoo and Microsoft launched their combined effort against Google and Microsofts Bing began to be the search engine that Yahoo used to provide its search results. Since they joined forces, their PPC platform was renamed AdCenter. Their combined network of third ships alliance sites that allow AdCenter ads to populate banner and text edition ads on their site is called BingAds. The PPC advertising model is open to execration through click fraud, although Google and others have implemented automated systems to guard against abusive clicks by competitors or round-shouldered web developers.* Email Marketing is directly marketing a commercial message to a conference of people using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or flowing customer could be considered email marketing. It usually involves using email to send ads, request business, or pray sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust, or brand awareness. Email marketing can be guide to either cold lists or catamenia customer database.Broadly, the term is usually used to refer to * direct email messages with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers, to countenance customer loyalty and repeat business, * Sending email messages with the purpose of acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, * Adding advertisements to email messages sent by other companies to their customers Researchers estimate that United States firms alone spent US $1.51 billion on email marketing in 2011 and will grow to $2.468 billion by 2016.* harmonise Marketing is a type of performance-based marketing in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer broughtabout by the affiliates own marketing efforts. The industry has intravenous feeding core players the merchant (also known as retailer or brand), the network (th at contains offers for the affiliate to choose from and also takes care of the payments), the publisher (also known as the affiliate), and the customer. The market has grown in complexity to warrant a secondary tier of players, including affiliate management agencies, super-affiliates and specialized third party vendors. Affiliate marketing overlaps with other Internet marketing methods to some degree, because affiliates often use regular advertising methods. Those methods include organic search engine optimization (SEO), paid search engine marketing (PPC Pay Per Click), e-mail marketing, and in some sense display advertising.On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner. Affiliate marketing is commonly confused with referral marketing, as both forms of marketing use third parties to drive sales to the retailer. However, both are hard-hitting forms of marketing and the main difference b etween them is that affiliate marketing relies purely on financial motivations to drive sales while referral marketing relies on trust and personal relationships to drive sales. Affiliate marketing is frequently overlooked by advertisers. While search engines, e-mail, and website syndication capture frequently of the attention of online retailers, affiliate marketing carries a much lower profile. Still, affiliates rest to play a significant role in e-retailers marketing strategies.* Display Advertising is a type of advertising that typically contains text (i.e., copy), logos, photographs or other images, location maps, and similar items. In periodicals, display advertising can appear on the same page as, or on the page adjacent to, general editorial content. In contrast, classified advertising generally appears in a distinct section, was traditionally text-only, and was available in a limited selection of typefaces. Display advertisements are not necessitate to contain images, au dio, or video Textual advertisements are also used where text may be more appropriate or more efficient. An congresswoman of textual advertisements is commercial messages sent to mobile stratagem substance abusers, or email. One common form of display advertising involves billboards. Posters, fliers, transit cards, tents, scale models are examples of display advertising.. Display advertising appears on web pages in many forms, including web banners. Banner ad standards continue to evolve.* Blogging. A weblog, also called a blog, is a journal that is maintained by a blogger and contains learning that is straightaway published to their blog website. Blogging is a very popular activity. The number of online users creating and maintaining blogs has increased dramatically over the late(prenominal) year. The number Internet users who read these blogs has also shot up, with some blogs boasting thousands, even millions of daily commit readers. Blog marketing is any process that publi cizes or advertises a website, business, brand or service via the middling of blogs. This includes, but is not limited to marketing via ads placed on blogs, recommendations and reviews by the blogger, promotion via entries on third party blogs and cross-syndication of information across multiple blogs.* Community Building. An online community is a virtual community that exists online and whose members modify its existence through taking part in membership ritual. An online community can take the form of an information system where anyone can post content, such as a Bulletin board system or one where only a restricted number of people can initiate posts, such as Weblogs. Online communities have also become a supplemental form of communication between people who know each other primarily in real life. Many means are used in social separately or in combination, including text-based chat rooms and forums that use voice, video text or avatars. Significant socio-technical change may hav e resulted from the proliferation of such Internet-based social networks.* Social Media Marketing refers to the process of gaining website traffic or attention through social media sites. Social media marketing programs usually center on efforts to create content that attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. A corporate message spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it appears to come from a trusted, third-party source, as opposed to the brand or company itself. Hence, this form of marketing is driven by grape vine, meaning it results in earned media rather than paid media. Social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with internet access. Increased communication for organizations fosters brand awareness and often, improved customer service.Additionally, social media serves as a relatively inexpensive platform for organizations to implement marketing campaigns. Social media marketing involves the use of social networks, COBRAs and eWOM to successfully advertise online. Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter provide advertisers with information about the wish wells and dis exchangeables of their consumers. This technique is crucial, as it provides the businesses with a target audience. With social networks, information relevant to the users likes is available to businesses who then advertise accordingly. Consumers online brand related activities (COBRAs) is another method used by advertisers to promote their products.An activity such as uploading a picture of your new Converse sneakers to Facebook is an example of a COBRA. Another technique for social media marketing is electronic word of mouth (eWOM). Electronic recommendations and appraisals are a convenient manner to have a product promoted via consumer-to-consumer interactions. An example of eWOM would be an online hotel review the hotel company can have two possible outcomes based on their service. A good service would result in a controlling review which gets the hotel free advertisement via social media however a poor service will result in a negative consumer review which can potentially ill-use the companys reputation.ADVANTAGE OF ONLINE MARKETINGThese are some of the many advantages that online marketing offers over traditional media outlets1. Reduced terms The starting cost of online marketing is only a fraction of the thousands of dollars that Yellow Pages, television and radio ads cost. For example, you can get a free listing on Google Local that will be just as effective as a costly online Yellow Pages ad. In addition, while traditional ads may only run for a short time, a search engine optimization campaign can deliver long-term results. You can also save money with online Pay-Per-Click advertising where it is easy to experiment with small ad volumes until you perfect your strategy and then expand your marketing budget when you are assured of a positive sales return.2. Everyth ing Is Measurable When you place an ad in the newspaper or a magazine, it can be difficult to assess the direct sales impact for your business. With online marketing, everything can be tracked and illustrated in circumstantial graphs that illustrate traffic growth, leads and sales metempsychosiss from your specific search marketing campaigns. Using a free traffic analysis tool like Google Analytics, it is easy to calculate your return on coronation (ROI) so you can appreciate the excellent value generated from your online marketing budget.3. Brand Engagement In the crowded market, you need to kick in and maintain positive brand awareness and client loyalty. Apart from word-of-mouth and leveraging your personal relationships with your established clients, a website is the most important marketing tool a business can have. A regularly updated website with well-written content that maintains peoples interest is essential to showing people exactly how your business is typical and how you offer the best value to your clients.4. Demographic Targeting The degree to which an online marketing campaign can target and metre the response from specific demographics and regions is often astonishing to business owners who normally use traditional media. New demographic prediction and online advertising platforms allow you to specifically target the specific consumer demographics most likely to buy your products. In particular, if you want to target young people between the ages of 16-30, youll need an online marketing strategy to reach them where they cast the bulk of their time On the Internet and on social media sites.5. Real-Time Results With online marketing you dont have to wait weeks to see a significant boost in your business. With a paid search marketing campaign you can experience real-time results that enable you to fine-tune your marketing message to acquire your desired effect. If your marketing strategy isnt working effectively, real-time monitoring to ols allow you to easily pin-point exactly where you are going wrong.6. Easily Refine Your Strategy Using online marketing analytics and tracking tools you can test conversion rates at a fraction of the cost of a traditional media campaign. Online marketing levels the playing athletic field and allows agreement small businesses to compete in competitive niches that previously would only be open to large corporations and their massive marketing budgets. If your marketing strategy is not bringing in the return on investment (ROI) that you desire, you can work to perfect it without having to launch an expensive new campaign as would be postulate with most traditional media outlets.7. Long-Term Exposure The benefit of an organic search marketing campaign that optimizes a website for specific keywords is that you will achieve a long-term return on your investment. Once your websites visibility is well-established with search engines, it is easy to do regular low-cost maintenance of you r strategy. The early adopters of new online marketing platforms like social media marketing will have a significant head start over their competition.8. point of intersection Information Todays savvy consumers want to compare reviews and opinions of friends, trusted bloggers and industry experts before they make a decision. If you can provide quality, linkable information that is what people are looking for, then the next timber of converting users into paying clients can be very easy. With social media networks like Facebook and Twitter re-enforcing the value of positive word-of-mouth exposure, trust is more important than ever in the marketing field.9. Less Intrusive Most savvy consumers dislike intrusive traditional marketing methods like direct mailing, print ads and television advertisements. When someone buys a newspaper or magazine, they want to read interesting articles not be bombarded with irrelevant ads. While mediums like television can still be useful for maintaining awareness of large corporate brands, it is not an effective medium for most small and medium-size businesses. With online marketing, you can target consumers precisely when they are searching for products and services that your business can provide.10. Holds Their Attention When people read the newspaper or a magazine they may behold over the advertisements beside the article but there is no way to engage their attention. With online marketing you can encourage them to take action, visit your website and read about your products and services which results in vastly increased stickiness of your marketing message.

Leadership Styles Management Essay Example for Free

leading Styles Management Essay Production-centered managers mess rigid employment standards, organized asks down to the cobblers last detail, prescribed work methods o be followed and closely supervised their subordinates work Employee-centered managers encouraged subordinate employment in goal setting and in other work decisions and helped ensure racy cognitive operation by inspiring trust and respect roughly effective leadershipMost effective leaders were those who had supporting relationships with their subordinates, tended to use group rather than individual decision making, and encouraged their subordinates to set and achieve high performance goals. Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton Studies)developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton identifies 5 different types of management behaviors found on the various ways that task-oriented and employee-oriented moods can interact with each otherStyle 1,1 (impoverished management) low business for people, low concern for t asks or performance laissez-faire management leader abdicates his or her leadership occasionStyle 1,9 (country club management) high concern for employees, low concern for tasksStyle 9,1 (task or authoritarian management) high concern for production and efficiency, low concern for employeesStyle 5,5 (middle-of-the-road management) an intermediate amount of concern for both production and employee satisfactionStyle 9,9 ( team or democratic management) high concern for both production and employee morale and satisfaction most effective leadership behaviorHi. Alam kong FC ako sa ginagawa ko pero di ko na talaga matiis eh. Haha. Sorry kung na-intrude ko ang privacy mo dito sa FB. Masyado lang kasi akong na-mesmerized dun sa story mong ICH Book 1. Di ko nga alam kung gagamit ako ng po at opo o tatawagin kitang Ate habang tinatype ko to.Haha. Kahit hindi ako nagcocomment sa updates mo (sorry po, tinatamad kasi akong gumawa ng account doon D), gusto ko lang sabihin na nagustuhan k o yung plot ng story mo at grabe ang kaba ko habang papalapit na ako sa ending.Kahit ending na sya, naramdaman ko pa rin yung thrill. Hindi nakakasawang ulit-ulitin. Noon pa, curious na talaga ako sa identity mo pero may hint na ako na sa UP ka nag-aaral dahil dun sa jeepney ekek na nasabi mo. 3 Curiousity killed the cat but satisfaction brought it back. Wala lungs trip ko lang po isingit to. Mehehehe. Nakita ko po kasi yung link para sa FB account mo kaya ni-click ko na. XD First term kong mag-message sa isang writer ng story kaya pagpasensyahan mo na ako kung mukhang walang sense itong na-type kong message. Wahaha. Yun lang, byebye. =) FC ako, SORRY po ulet. )))) System 4 ManagementRensis Likert, incorporating the basic style categories of task orientation and employee orientation, devised his own model of management effectiveness.Four Leadership SystemsSystem 1characterized as exploitive and authoritativeManagers make all work-related decisions and order their subordinates to ca rry them out. misery to meet the managers goals results in threats or punishments. Managers score little trust or confidence in subordinates.Subordinates business the managers.System 2benevolent authoritativeSubordinates who meet or exceed the managers goals may be rewarded. Managers have a condescending attitude toward their subordinates and subordinates ar cautious when dealing with their managers.System 3consultativeManagers set goals and issue general orders after discussing them with subordinates. Subordinates can make their own decisions about how to carry out their ttasks. Rewards are used to motivate subordinates.Subordinates feel free to discuss most work-related matters with their managers, who, in turn, feel that to a bouffant extent subordinates can be trusted to carry out their tasks properly.System 4participativeLikerts final and most favored management styleGoals are set and work-related decisions are made by group.To motivate subordinates, managers not only use economic rewards but also try to give their subordinates feelings of worth and importance proceeding standards exist to permit self-appraisal by subordinates, rather than to provide managers with a tool to control subordinates. Interaction amidst managers and subordinates is frank, friendly, and trusting.Low productivity Systems 1 and 2 stylesHigh productivity Consultative or Participative leadership style System 4 management desirable management in a wide variety of work situationsHigh in consideratenessLowest turnover ratesHighest employee satisfactionLow in considerationHigh in initiating structtureHigh grievance and turnover rates

The History Of Bitumen Engineering Essay

The History Of Bitumen Engineering EssayBitumen is described as man softs oldest engineering science material. This fact is support by almost evidence. Back at the m, nearly 3000 years BC, the Sumerians in Mesopotamia utilise bitumen to fasten ivory or pearl into the eye sockets of their statues. They likewise sculptured votive offerings which the mixture of their sculpture is originally from bitumen and clay.From the finding, it is prove that some thousand years later, bitumen was macrocosm use by the early Babylonians as a building material because of its properties as a cement and water proofing agent. Later, bitumen became the standard material and being used in civil engineering and architectural projects to hold bricks and stones together which used to line drains, watercourses and element storage. It was also being used to create damp courses and seal the flat roofs of the houses in the same way as it is used today. It is also authorized in paving (Ask.com, 21 Dec 2 010).Other Evidence found that, rough 600 BC King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon rebuilt the city wall, which he intends to restrain the water of the Euphrates with incineratet bricks and bitumen because the old wall which is make of dried clay bricks had failed to keep the waters at the bay. The Babylonians had developed a technique using tier of bricks, bitumen and clay which they reinforced with reed for construction purposes. The musical arrangement was so successful whereas they were subject to build towers up to twelve storeys mettlesome. The evidence is proven when archeologists excavating the site of the ancient city and they found traces that bitumen had been used for the construction of the building. rather of using bitumen for construction, the reason why bitumen was widely used in this argona was its avail top executive in discordant somas. It faecal matter be found in certain places where we bear find it easily. It was also available as a solid material in the for m of bituminous limestone, which was used as the basis for shrimpy carvings. Because of its availability, bitumen has taken parts in many great legends of Biblical and pre-Biblical times. It is said that, bitumen has being used in the building of the Tower of Babel and for the waterproofing of Noahs Ark and Moses wicker basket (Zayn Bilkadi, Dec 1984).The Romans used bitumen for medicinal purposes whereas they use bitumen for preventing and band a number of ailments including b contestation oils, to a faultthache and ringworm. Meanwhile, Roman ladies used bitumen for cosmetic purposes whereas they used bitumen as a direction of beautifying their eyebrows. Bitumen also was being used for maritime usage whereas Christopher Columbus and Sir Walter Raleigh found that the lakes of pave in Trinidad be useful for re-caulking their ships for the return voyage. Apart from maritime usage, bitumen was used mainly for medicinal, cosmetic and crop certificate purposes.On the another(pren ominal) pass away, the German metallurgist Georg Agricola was writing in the early part of the sixteenth atomic number 6 that Bitumen is dod from mineral waters containing oil, also from liquid bitumen and from rocks containing bitumen. Liquid bitumen sometimes floats in full-grown quantities on the get hold of wells, brooks and rivers and is collected with buckets or other pots. Small quantities are collected by means of feathers, linen towels and the bid. The bitumen easily adheres to these objects and is collected in big copper or iron vessels and the fall downer fractions evaporated by modify. The proportion oil is used for opposite purposes and some people mix it with pitch, others with used axle oil to make it thicker.On the other hand, the entry for bitumen in Blounts G issueary published in 1656 defined it as a kind of clay or slime indwellingly clammy, like pitch, growing in some countries of Asia. By the put of the nineteenth century, the usage of bitumen for the road construction is to solve the problem of the dust raised by the horse-drawn traffic in towns. The availability of supply of maw from local sear-gas works led to the use of tar for treating streets and sidewalks. They started to realize the measurable of streets and road which would lead to the unimagined standard of smoothness and enduringness for the elements needed for their knowledgeability in the future. Rock mineral pitch and the Trinidad Lake were the sources of bitumen first used to bind mixtures of aggregates in road building in the modern style. (Asphalt Origin,)Nowadays, a half-sizing scale of high quality bitumen suffer be exploited from rock oil which is a readily available source of low cost. The returnion of bitumen grew with the rise of the motorcar and the universal supplicate for paved highways. The proportion of bitumen which is resulted from oil discolor refining whereas lead that today most bitumen sources is from the distillation of boister ous petroleum oil. (BP , 2010).2.2 BitumenBitumen is a versatile material that is widely used in civil engineering. Bitumen is a mixture of extreme liquid that are black, oily, highly viscous that is a naturally occurring organic product by product of decomposed organic materials. This basically consists of hydrocarbons ,carbon hydrogen the rest becomes oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace the various metals such as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium, quicksilver and also arsenic, selenium and other toxic elements. Bitumen deal provide good preservation of plants and animal fossils.Bitumen and asphalt is cardinal different things. In American asphalt used to mean bitumen but outside American asphalt refers to the mixture of bitumen and aggregate laid as a road issue.HTOPEKBitumen Definition_filesBitumenInBeaker2.gifFigure 2.1 Bitumen2.3 Sources of bitumenBitumen can be derived from different display movement of sources. It occurs naturally, but for most occasions, the world relie s on petroleum for the supplies of bitumen. The bitumen consists of crude petroleum oil that normally varies between 25% and 40%, but subject of crude oil can vary between 15% and 80% (BP 2010). There are three categorization for crude oil bitumen that is bitumen establishd, paraffin based or bitumen and paraffin based.Bitumen present in the form of colloidal dispersion or in a true solution based on the type of crude petroleum oil. In the refining care for, the proportion of oil to bitumen members changes because of petroleum oil is taken away by distillation. Relatively in few numbers, this particle become closer to one a nonher and their size increase when it is dispersed.At the time the distillation demonstrate stopped, the petroleum becomes a colloidal dispersion of black solid known as asphaltenes. This asphaltenes are dispersed in an oily brown yellow liquid, known as the maltenes fraction. It also answer as a stabilizing agent to keep the asphaltenes in suspension are another classify of hydrocarbon known as resins.Normally bitumen is found in a few forms, from the hard, easily crumbled bitumen in rock asphalt to the softer, more viscous material found in tar sands and so-called asphalt lakes. It is normally consist of varying proportions of mineral and vegetable impurities that need to be extracted before in can be used as engineering material. Bitumen also can be found as asphaltite. It is natural bitumen without an impurity that varies in the standard the asphaltite can be dissolve in carbon disulphide. Natural petroleum like bitumen naturally occurs as the result from the redundant de report cards of marine debris.After thousands of years it has been move done porous rock such as limestone and sandstone often by volcanic action. In certain areas renowned for their petroleum resources, like in the Middle East, semi fluid bitumen can be found sludge out of fissures near alive(p) spring or seeping out of the ground. Rock asphalt, it is mo re expensive to move around and to process. This is because its variable and relative low circumscribe of bitumen and tends to be found away from the places where bitumen needed.It is important to distinguish between bitumen and coal tar. Even though coal tar is black and viscous like bitumen, it is obtained from the carbonization of coal that why it is very different chemical properties. Many part of the world in engineering project, from the construction of transcontinental highways to the waterproofing of flat roof turn ups, depending on the specific spirit of asphalt. oil crude oil processed by the industry to provide all but a small part of this material is important.(BP, 2010)2.4 Manufacturing processManufacturing of bitumen consist of three processes which is refinery process, storage and dispersal.2.4.1 Refinery processIn oil refinery process, the crude oil is divided into different groups based on their boiling range. The first stage of refinery process is atmospheri c distillation. In this process the crude oil is heated approximately 3000 C to 3500 C and the more volatilisable components in the crude oil such as petrol and kerosene are distilled off. Residue from this process called atmosphere residue, which is need further distilled under vanity. Because of the applied vacuum, the effective distillation point is 5000 C 5600 C. this vacuum distillation process produce more volatile products called as vacuum distillates and leaves vacuum residue which is a non volatile residue of high viscosity.Based on the crude oil origin, the vacuum residue can be used directly as bitumen and for some cases of crude oil it necessarily additional process to meet certain specification such as send blowing of the residue. To ensure consistent product, the air blowing needs careful selection and control of process temperature, air rate and residence time. In other hand bitumen are produced by blending vacuum residue with asphaltenes which is derived from t he production of lubricating oils. The selection of crude is the most important element of bitumen manufacture because it is required expertise and experience to yield a satisfactory product.2.4.2 Storage whacking permanent tank made of mild steel plate use to stored bitumen at refineries with capacities of between speed of light and 10000 tones. To make sure the bitumen remain fluid, steam or hot oil is pumped during thaw oils in the heavily insulated tanks.2.4.3 DistributionTo make sure the bitumen not cool and unworkable the product must(prenominal) be kept between 150C-190C throughout the supply chain.The temperature of bitumen can fall about 7oC to 10oC when it is loaded into a road tanker and it allow for continue to fall further while in transit. Most of the bitumen go out be transferred from the refineries using the road tankers with capacities of 10 to 40 tones. The road tanker is insulated by single-compartment tanks, normally with some kind of heating such as heating tubes. Insulated rail cars are sometimes used to transport bitumen to intermediary depots with reheating facilities.2.5 Properties of BitumenBitumen is a durable and strong adhesive use as a binder in many applications with other material without affecting their properties. Its durability is important to major engineering part such as road and water ways. Bitumen is insoluble in water and can be used as an effective water proofing sealant. Bitumen can be used to line watercourses because it resist and do not react with acid, alkalis, salt and does not contaminate water.Bitumen is soften and thermoplastic resin material. Bitumen becomes liquid when heated and seasons when it cools. Bitumen can used easily in the area where its need to used because it can readily be liquified by one of three methods thats applying heat, dissolving it in petroleum effects or dispersing it in water (emulsification). add up production of bitumen is larger use in road construction. This is because bitu men gives flexibility to the mixed mineral aggregates that been used in road construction. It is available with economic cost all around the world.2.6 Types of BitumenThere are several types of the bitumen infra based on BP bitumen 20102.6.1 Paving grade bitumenThis type of bitumen considered as a parent bitumen of the other form of bitumen produced below. It is refined and blended to fulfill the industrial and road engineering specification that considered different climate condition.2.6.2 Cutback bitumenThis type of bitumen has lower viscosity than other types of bitumen. This bitumen has been diluted in order to make it more flow able and suitable for application. Cutback bitumen mostly is used for cold weather bituminous, road construction and maintenance. In cutback bitumen suitable solvent is used to lower the viscosity of the bitumen. Fluidity of bitumen depends on the proportion of solvent and degree of hardness of the bitumen base. Cutback bitumen categorise based to the time it takes to become solid, as rapid curing (RC), medium curing (MC) or impenetrable curing (SC). RC is recommended for surface dressing and patchwork.MC is recommended for premix with less quantity of fine aggregates. SC is used for premix with appreciable quantity of fine aggregates. The solvent used for preparation of cutback of bitumen are white olfactory sensation commonly used for RC grades, kerosene for MC grades and diesel for SC grades. In view of the environment, health and synthetic rubber cutback bitumen cause a problem because the solvent used evaporates and currently the evaporation is regarded as a potentially undesirable characteristic.2.6.3 Bitumen emulsionsFrequently the bitumen that been applied to mineral aggregates substrates in road construction is in the form called bitumen emulsion. Bitumen emulsions are the dispersion of bitumen in an aqueous continuous condition and been stabilized by the addition of emulsifier. Bitumen emulsions are the lofty binder can be used in hill road construction which the process of heating the bitumen or aggregates are not easy in that area.Rapid setting emulsions usually used for surface dressing work, Medium setting emulsions use for premix jobs and patch repairs work and slow setting emulsions are ideal use during rainy season. Around 60% of bitumen content in the emulsion and the left all over is water (Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao, 2007). During the road construction, these emulsions depart opens down resulting in released of water and the mix will starts to set. Grade of bitumen affect the time of setting. Bitumen emulsion is ideal for used in road construction because it put on low viscosity and workable in ambient temperatures.But to apply this bitumen in road make process, it requires controlled breaking and setting. Bitumen should not break before it is laid on the surface of road but, once it placed, it should break quickly. This implies that the road can be in service without del ay.2.6.4 Modified bitumenModified bitumen is bitumen treated with modifiers. Certain additives added as bitumen modifiers to mitigate the service performance by changing such properties as their durability and hardness. Natural rubber, polymer and thermoplastic are commonly used to modify bitumen. This is an exciting development of growing importance due to the ability of modem technology to satisfy the demands of the bitumen and international market. Modified bitumen will contribute towards a longer road action and lower cost maintenance.2.6.5 Multi-grade BitumenThis type of bitumen is chemically modified bitumen. It has multi properties that are properties of hard paving bitumen at high service temperature with the properties of soft paving grades bitumen at low temperature. Multi-grade bitumen gives improvement in resistance to deformation2.6.6 industrial bitumenIndustrial bitumen also known as oxidized bitumen. This bitumen is made by blowing air through hot paving grade bitum en called blowing process. The result from blowing process is a product that softens bitumen at higher temperature than provide by paving grade bitumen softens. It also has rubberlike properties and its viscosity is less affected by changes in temperature than is the case with paving grade bitumen.2.7 Requirement of BitumenThe some requirement properties of bitumen depend on the mix type and construction. In general, Bitumen should fulfill the following properties (Prof. Tom V. Mathew, 2009)The bitumen should not be highly temperature susceptible during the hottest weather the mix should not become too soft or unstable, and during cold weather the mix should not become too brittle causing cracks.The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of mixing and compaction should be adequate. This can be achieved by use of cutbacks or emulsions of suitable grades or by heating the bitumen and aggregates prior to mixing.There should be adequate affinity and adhesion between the bitumen and aggreg ates used in the mix.2.8 Modification of bitumenMany studies have been conducted in order to improve the performance of bitumen used in road pavement by modified bitumen with other material. Additional materials such as rubber, polymer and epoxy resin have been used as modifier in bitumen in the previous research. This study stresses on the usage of aerify ball modify as an additive in bitumen.2.9 Coal burning at the stake products rain zap modify is one of the coal combustion residues. Coal combustion residuals are formed during coal-burning processes in business leader plants. Coal combustion product consists of several materials (R.Majko, 1996).2.9.1 Fly modifyFly change is the fines modify of coal ash tree particles from combustion of coal. It is called strike down ash because it is transported from combustion chamber by exhaust gases. Fly ash is a fine powder produce from the mineral contain in coal. It also consists of noncombustible mater in coal and a small amount of carbon thats remains because of incomplete combustion. Fly ash is usually light tan in color. It is commonly consists of silt size and clay sized shiny spheres which is gives fly ash a consistency somewhat like talc powder. The property of the fly ash varies based on coal composition used and plant direct system.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/Fly modify1.JPGFigure 2.2 fly ash2.9.2 Bottom ashBottom ash and fly ash is two different materials in physical, mineralogical and chemical. Bottom ash is a coarse, granular, and incombustible material which is collected from the bottom of furnaces of combustion of coal in generation of electricity. Different with fly ash, bottom ash coarser than fly ash with grain sizes spanning from fine sand to fine gravel. The type of the bottom ash depends on type of furnaces used to burn a coal.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/BottomAsh1.JPGFigure 2.3 bottom ash2.9.3 BOILER SLAGBoiler slag is normally a black granular material with numerous e ngineering uses. It is formed in cyclone timpanis which form a melt ash thats cooled with water. Boiler slag is coarser than fly ash.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/BoilerSlag1.JPGFigure 2.4boiler slag2.9.4 FGD GYPSUMFlue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is also can be defined as scrubber gypsum. FGD gypsum is the product from an air pollution control system which is removes sulfur from the flue gas in atomic number 20 based scrubbing systems. It is composed of calcium sulphate and produced by employing forced oxidation in the scrubber. FGD gypsum is most usually used for agricultural activity and for drywall production.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/FGDMaterial1.JPGFigure 2.5 FGD gypsum2.10 Production of fly ashFly ash normally produced from burning of coal for power generation. Normally coal is pulverized and blown with air into the combustion chamber. In this part the coal will be ignites, generating heat and producing a molten residue. Then the boiler tubes will extr act heat from the boiler and then cool the gas in the chimney. This make the residue from the combustion of coal harden and produce ash known as coal combustion products. The coarse ash kwon as bottom ash andit will fall at the bottom of coal furnaces. In the other hand, the light ash will the light ash will remain suspended in the flue gas and will be collected by electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, or mechanical collection devices such as cyclones.CDocuments and Settingsto_pekDesktopproduction of fly ash.gifFigure 2.6 production of fly ash (ACAA, 1997)2.11 Utilization and benefit of fly ashFly ash have been used many part of the engineering application around the world. The table below shows the employment of fly ash in the engineering part. (Fly ash facts for highway engineers, 2003).ApplicationBenefitused in Portland cement concrete (PCC)-improved workability-decrease water demand-reduced bleeding-improved durabilityused in stabilized base course-provide a strong and durabl e mixture-lower cost-suitable for using recycled base material-increased goose egg efficiencyused in flowable fill-allows placement under freezing conditions-reach 100% density with no compactive effort-increase scandal bearing capacity-increase the speed and ease of backfilling operationsUsed in soil improvement-eliminates need for expensive materials-expedites construction works by improving unstable subgrade By improve subgrade conditions, cost saving through reduction in required pavement thickness.Used in asphalt pavement-reduce potential of asphalt stripping due to hydrophobic properties of fly ash-reduce stripping because fly ash consist of lime-a lower cost than other fillerUsed in grouts for pavement subsealing-develop high ultimate strength-accomplished quickly with minimum effect to the traffic flow.-used to correct undermining without2.12 Type of fly ashFly ash is collected use electrostatic precipitators or bag houses and then transferred to large silos for shipment. Fly ash divided base on precise particle size requirement, thus secure a uniform and quality of product. There are 2 different type of fly ash from combustion of coal in large power plant which is class C and class F.2.12.1 score C screen out C fly ash is produced usually from lignite and sub-bituminous coals and normally contains significant amount of Calcium Hydroxide (CaO) or lime (Cockrell et. al., 1970). Fly ash class C will harden when exposure to the water. Class C normally contains more than 15% of lime and can reach until 30% of the composition (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). Higher of CaO in class C fly ash make it more special with self hardening characteristic. This is because calcium is a good adhesive agent. The existence of pozzolan properties in the fly ash class c make it different from fly ash class F.2.12.2 Class FClass F fly ash is produced from bituminous coals and burning anthracite .Class F is normally contains greater gang of silica, alumina and iron about 70% of the composition but low in lime content usually under about 15% of the composition (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). This fly ash has Siliceous and aluminous material, which itself possesses trivial or no cementitious value but in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react withCalcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form cementitious compounds (Chu et. al.,1993).2.13 character of fly ash2.13.1 Size and shapeFly ash consist of powdery and fine particle that are in spherical shape, either in solid or hollow and mostly vitrified in nature. The carbonaceous in fly ash consist of angular particles. The particle size distribution of bituminous coal fly ashes is usually similar to the silt which is less than a 0.075 mm or No. 200 sieve.Sub bituminous coal fly ashes are similar to the silt size and it is slightly coarser than bituminous coal fly ashes. A coarser particle can result in a less reactive ash and could contain higher carbon contents.Figure 2.7 Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification2.13.2 ColorBy depending on the amount of unburned carbon in the ash, the color of fly ash can be found and vary from tan to gray to black. If the fly ash contains low carbon, the color will be lighter. Lignite or sub bituminous fly ashes are typically light tan to buff in color, representing relatively low quantities of carbon in addition to the presence of some lime or calcium. However, bituminous fly ashes are usually some shade of gray, with the lighter sunglasses of gray generally indicating a higher quality of ash. Figure 2.8 typical fly ash colorize2.13.3 Specific gravityThe specific gravity of fly ash is generally varies between 2.1to 3.0 whereas the specific surface area are varies in range from 170 to 1000 m2/kg that been measured by the Blaine air permeability method.2.13.4 Loss of ignitionLoss of ignition is a measured of remaining unburned carbon in a coal. It is a critical property of fly ash need to be measured, especial ly for concrete applications. High carbon levels, the type of carbon, the interaction of soluble ions in fly ash, and the variability of carbon content can cause air entrainment problem in fresh concrete and can affect the durability of the concrete. In some application of fly ash are not affected by the loss of ignition such as filler in asphalt and flowable fill can accept fly ash with high content of carbon.2.13.4 ChemistryChemical compositions of the coal mainly affect the chemical constituents of fly ash. Depending on the coal combustion technology used, the fly ash can be significantly different even though they are produced from the same source and similar chemical composition. Therefore the ash hydration properties with the leach characteristic can vary a lot between generating facilities.The combustion and glassification process used at certain power plant will affect the quantity of crystalline material versus glassy degree material because these two substances were depen ds on these two process. When the maximum temperature of the combustion process is above approximately 12000 C and the cooling time is short, the ash produced is mostly glassy phase material (McCarthy et. al., 1987). Crystalline phase calcium compounds are formed where boiler design or operation allows an extra gradual cooling of the ash particles.The factors that affect the hydration and leaching properties of fly ash such as the relative proportion of the spherical glassy phase and crystalline materials, the size distribution of the ash, the chemical nature of glass phase, the type of crystalline material, the nature and the percentage of unburned carbon (Roy et.al, 1985).Generally, the most important factors that influenced the mineralogy of coal fly ash are (Baker, 1987)Chemical composition of the coalCoal combustion process including coal pulverization, combustion, flue gas clean up, and fly ash collection operationsAdditives used, including oil additives for flame stabilizatio n and corrosion control additives.The minerals present in the coal dictates the elemental composition of the fly ash. The boiler design and operation dictated the mineralogy of the ash.2.13.5 Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash Classification(Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007)PropertiesFly Ash ClassClass FClass CSilicon dioxide (SiO2) sum total aluminum oxide (Al2O3) plus iron oxide (Fe2O3), min, %70.050.0Sulfur trioxide (SO3), max, %5.05.0Moisture Content, max, %3.03.0Loss on ignition, max, %6.06.0