Gender Differences: American and Chinese Culture

Gender Differences Ameri chiffonier and Chinese CultureIn the twenty-first century, a fork any over of signifi fundamentt sociopolitical and technological changes decl be been witnessed, which throw away do the beingness a global village which is lineting smaller by the day. The technological feasibility that has enabled the mass media to bring events and news across the world to schools, businesses and homes al or so as soon as they occur has narrowed polish up the distance barriers mingled with people, grows and societies, much(prenominal) that the world is fast becoming wiz giant melting pot of pagan, social, religious, linguistic and racial diversities. However, these changes cede overly resulted in the increase in international tensions between countries world wide, over collectable to the change magnitude interaction. The most signifi raiset of these tensions project been witnessed in the past between the linked States and Northern Ireland, eastboundern Europe and most recently, the Middle East. thus in light of these developments, the need to develop competent and good inter hea indeedish talk mucklenot be overemphasized. It is indeed a fact that such conflicts be usually of political origin, but argon primarily caused by religious and ethnic differences that form barriers to effective intercourse.The term intercultural intercourse is sometimes used interchangeably with cross-cultural intercourse and it is simply the engagement of concerted efforts at spirit how people who hail form dissimilar assimilations perceive, act and communicate in their native environment. Intercultural confabulation plays important roles in procreation understanding in the case of converse between countries in the global platform. (Griffin, 2000). The focus of this report will therefore be to demonstrate an congresswoman of poor people intercultural communication between North Americans and Asians and how it affects the effective ness of communication between the two finishs.Which atomic number 18 long term such as prospecting for oil or minerals The assist Culture, which is seen in shapings that eat little or lack of feed bet on altogether and the members of the shaping maintain a strict focus on the procedures of executing and achieving targets, and is most evident in bureaucracies, with the main advantage of achieving consistency in results which is necessity in sectors like the public service and this fact effectively serves to cave the massive red tape and overly cautious nature of these subtletys. (Deal Kennedy, 1982).Edgar Schein has heretofore come up with a mode of discriminateifying nerveal culture, which is more in line with the present fuddle-upal set up. He defines memorial tabletal culture as the patterns of basic assumptions that be shargond inside a groups and that were conditi whizzd in the during the solving of the problems of internal integration and external adaptation b y the group, and which have produced reliable results that can be considered valid and have consequentially been taught to new embers as the correct way to feel, specify and perceive when attempting to cream such problems.It will be important to startline the importance of intercultural communication in an organisational setting, before the importance of the impact of ineffectiveness of intercultural communication between two different cultures can be fully graduate(prenominal)lighted. Schein (2005) expounds that culture is the toughest attribute of an disposal in view of change, and surpasses all another(prenominal)wise attributes of the organization such as the physical attributes, services and products, lead, and founders. Schein states that the deepest cognitive level of the culture of an organization is where tacit assumptions exist. He expounds that these atomic number 18 the unseen cultural elements that are not easily identifiable in interactions between members of an organization on a daily basis. These elements of an organizations culture are often examineed as a taboo to question or discuss. (Schein, 2005).Organizational culture has various roles in the process of change in an organization. A number of methodologies have been pro be to clarify this role, which include Burman Evans(2008) view that culture is more relate d to leadership than management .They elaborate that when an organization has the principle focus of transforming its culture, recognition has to be accorded to the fact that this project is long term. This is because achieving change in the culture of an organization ids a problematical endeavor that requires the willing of employees to take adequate time to get used to the new strategies within the organization. gum olibanum the stronger the culture of an organization, the more difficult it influence outs to achieve the change.The six guidelines to achieving organizational change, as nominaten by CummingsWorley(20 05), are (i) The formulation of a strategic and clear vision,( Cummings Worley,2005, pg.490),(ii) display of commitment at top managerial levels( Cumming Worley, 2005, pg. 490),(iii) modeling of the change in culture at the top managerial levels( Cummings Worley, 2005, pg.491), (iv) organizational modification to abet change (Cummings Worley, 2005, pg.491) , (v) selection and socialization of terminate deviants and newcomers (Cummings Worley, 2005, pg.491) and(vi) development of legal and respectable sensitivity( Cummings Worley,2005, pg.491).In meet to the design of a model with methods and procedures for analyzing novelty in an organization, Taylor coxswain, Jr. (2001) gives trey types of organizations which adopt a particularly focused start in regard to development of cultural sort in the oeuvre environment. She outlines the monolithic, the plural and the multicultural organizations in the journal, The Multicultural Organization. The three types of organizations, acc ording to Cox, are distinguished by their level of morphologic integration, which Cox defines as the movement of employees from different cultural groups in peerless organization, with the monolithic organization having negligible structural integration. Cox goes farther to outline that monolithic organizations in the unify States are usually represented by a majority of unclouded male employees with some women and yet fewer individuals who hail from minority racial backgrounds in the managerial jobs in an organization. The plural organization, however, has an purifyd level of structural organization, having a nonuniform custody which includes people from different cultural backgrounds, other than just one dominant group from a particular ethnic background. The multicultural organization however displays the proudest levels of workplace salmagundi, because it not altogether contains an as balanced workforce in toll of cultural regeneration, but it besides has an awar eness of and recitation of its culturally versatile workforce for the advantages of the organization. Having sufficiently define workplace form, it becomes paramount to outline its advantages to an organization and therefore point out why organizations should hit to achieve a cultural different workforce.Thus in assure to implement these analytical results in a cultural diversity training program, it is imperative to outline that people have a higher(prenominal) degree of inclination to do business with organizations that employ a staff that they can relate to each socially, culturally or ethnically. Therefore, the ship canal in which a cultural diversity program can be implemented in organizations includes the methods that can be employed by organizations in ensuring that they end up with a culturally diverse workforce. Some of these methods are therefore outlined below.Recruitment Post-Hiring Job PlacementRecruitment is basically networking with organizations to build strong relationships that go beyond just business relationships. For an organization to achieve workplace diversity, it has to have a intumesce build uped method of healment of diverse talent across the area in which it operates, in most cases the native country or the region in general, but not just in a secluded locality. Most companies recruit through and through universities and colleges. Others opt to attend regional and local jib fairs , for example, the atomic number 53 conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) an the National Association for Multi-ethnicity in communications( NAMIC). Serious companies that have a high likelihood of employing a diverse workforce have strategic partnerships with these channels for diversity recruitment that helper them in the hiring of staff with diverse backgrounds, ways, skills, etc.( Fine 2000).Research has also revealed that companies which take away heavy use of electronic postings for job vacancies have a high likelihood of having a diverse workforce. Thus the seriousness of companies in the employ of electronic postings to recruit employees can reveal the extent of diversity that the guild has in its staff. Very serious companies haveAssociate Referral Bonus Programs through which they give cash incentives to employees who refer job seekers to the company, and thus have a high run into of having a diverse workforce.Building Partnerships with Organizations the CommunityCompanies have to recognize that to achieve competitiveness in a global miserliness they have to forge relationships with other organizations and alliance members who have the common post of promoting diversity. With the growth of the nation in terms of social, racial, ethnic and cultural diversity, organizations have to adapt in this environment and acquire an advanced level of understanding of the need to attain diversity in its workforce.Thus companies have to be actively involved in both loc al and national associations if they are to identify diverse talent pools from which they can benefit. The companies can also prepare innovative partnerships with institutions of higher learning so that they attract and increase the number of qualified minority employees in their workforce. In this manner, when they are job vacancies the institutions of higher learning are the first to know, and qualified students have a high chance of being employed by the company, with no predetermined cultural, ethnic or social inclination being a dominant promoter in the recruitment process, thus effectively increasing the chances of the company closing curtain up with a diverse workforce.Companies also need to organize outreach luncheons where the members of the community can interact directly with the human resources department representatives. In this manner, a broadcast recruitment process can be extended to the speedy community where the company operates, so that any talent that may ben efit the company is obtained, and therefore e increasing the diversity of the workforce. The company can also use local business resource groups in frame to solicit for the recruitment of a diverse workforce from the local community. (Cox 2001).Mentoring internally ExternallyCompanies can form voluntary mentoring programs, which may operate either formally or informally. These mentoring programs can be established both within the company and in the edgeing community. The programs can be used in helping to assimilate new employees into the company culture, as well as to groom the future leaders of the company. In this manner, the chances of the company losing employees from diverse backgrounds due to their inability to fit into the company culture is significantly reduced, thereby promoteing the development of a diverse workforce.(Cox 2001).Given the benefits of having a culturally diverse workforce, organizations should strive to attain workplace diversity, and in light of the d isadvantages it may attain if not properly managed, make it their priority to seek beneficial slipway of managing a culturally diverse workforce In regard to diversity in business, the underlying speculation outlines that in a global mart place environment, a business, company, form or institution that benefits from the services of a diverse work force is in a better stupefy to understand the demographic factors in the market place environment in which the business operates , and is therefore better placed to exploit its full likely in that environment, than a business which has limited diversity in its workforce. A diverse work force more often than not consists of employees, both male and female, who are of varying racial and ethnic backgrounds, as well as of different generations. (Fine 2000).Workplace diversity has also been stated as having the potential to improve productivity, employee satisfaction and retention at the workplace. In this regard, it is usually referred t o as inclusion, and it deals with how an organization can utilize its diversities for its general improvement. (Fine 2000). Research has also established that notwithstanding a diverse workforce, the management of the company also needs to make concerted efforts at exploiting that breadth of wealth in terms of get laid and knowledge inherent in the diverse workforce in hostel to convert this wealth in to monetary benefits to the company. Otherwise, a company with a diverse workforce will just fair as well as one which has a less diverse workforce.Therefore, the focus of this report card is to design an informed and well researched model with methods and procedures for analyzing diversity, and to further elaborate on how these results can be implemented in a cultural diversity training program.Workplace diversity can generally be define as the extent of cultural mix in an organization heathen mix/ diversity includes the different ways through which employees in a workplace envi ronment share a unique identity as a group, including the identity associated with the diversity of race, ethnic age , gender and sexual orientation. The culture of an organization is a determinant of it cultural diversity. (Fine 2000). However, workplace diversity in most senses brings many benefits to an organization. However, C.L Walck (1995) states that there are serious problems that rise up from an organization inculcating workplace diversity into its culture, and therefore the responsibility of managing workplace diversity as a resource in an organizations workforce in order to fully exploit its potential to improve an organizations overall performance travel on the organizations management. In the Journal of Applied behavioral Science, C.L. Walck (1995) states that managing workplace diversity implies the negotiation of interaction among groups which display different cultural backgrounds, and also contriving to foster understanding and cooperation in a culturally divers e environment.In regard to the design of a model with methods and procedures for analyzing diversity in an organization, Taylor Cox, Jr. (2001) gives three types of organizations which adopt a particularly focused approach in regard to development of cultural diversity in the workplace environment. She outlines the monolithic, the plural and the multicultural organizations in the journal, The Multicultural Organization. The three types of organizations, according to Cox, are distinguished by their level of structural integration, which Cox defines as the presence of employees from different cultural groups in one organization, with the monolithic organization having minimal structural integration. Cox goes further to outline that monolithic organizations in the United States are usually represented by a majority of white male employees with few women and yet fewer individuals who hail from minority racial backgrounds in the managerial jobs in an organization. The plural organization , however, has an improved level of structural organization, having a heterogeneous workforce which includes people from different cultural backgrounds, other than just one dominant group from a particular ethnic background. The multicultural organization however displays the highest levels of workplace diversity, because it not nevertheless contains an evenly balanced workforce in terms of cultural diversity, but it also has an awareness of and utilization of its culturally diverse workforce for the benefits of the organization. Having sufficiently defined workplace diversity, it becomes paramount to outline its advantages to an organization and therefore point out why organizations should strive to achieve a cultural diverse workforce.An international incident that posed potentially dangerous consequences across the world was witnessed some years back between the United Sates and chinaware with its primary cause being poor intercultural communication between the two countries. T he incident was initiated on the 1st of April, 2001 by the collision of a surveillance plane belonging to the U.S navy with a fighter jet belonging to the Chinese. The collision occurred over the South China Sea, which is considered an international air space. The EP-3 surveillance and electronic warfare U.S. plane was extensively damaged, but due to the skillfulness of there, they managed to safely land the plane at an airbase in China. The Chinese military later on declared their fighter jet and its fell missing, and proceeded to detain the crew members of the U.S. plane who were 24 in number. The two countries were later unable to reach a consensus on the cause of the collision and refractory to blame each other. In the days that followed, U.S and Chinese officials held a serial of contentious negotiations to resolve the incident, with the U.S. officials trying to negotiate the reconcile of the crew, and the Chinese officials demanding an word meaning of liability and a for mal apology for the incident from the U.S. The U.S. flatly refused to yield to this demand and blamed the incident on the Chinese pilot. Pressure was retardation mounting on the then U.S. President, George Bush to secure the immediate release of the detained U.S crew.In the face of mounting pressure, the then Secretary of State, Colin Powell, materialisationd a command on April 4 expressing regret over the incident and the subsequent fade of the Chinese fighter jet and its pilot. The Chinese officials have sexd the good trustfulness in which the statement was fill ind, but simply summed it up as a move in the right direction and issued fresh demands for an apology. On April 8, Colin Powell and the then U.S vice president, Dick Cheney, issued a statement expressing sorrow at the disappearing of the Chinese pilot, but dismissed Chinas demands for an apology. On the same day, they wrote a kindliness letter to the wife of the pilot. Once again, the Chinese rejected these efforts and reiterated their demands for an apology. On April 10, the U.S. officials appeared to have been pushed to the corner and issued a statement declaring that President Bush was willing to carry through a letter of regret over the incident to the Chinese and an issue an adjoining statement admitting the unpermitted set down of the U.S. plane in Chinese territory. Nevertheless, the Chinese did not burge and still demanded an apology.Eventually, on April 11, the United States wrote a letter to the Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs specifically asking him to convey to the Chinese people and to the family of pilot Wang Wei that we are very sorry for their loss. The later further stated that We are very sorry the entering of Chinas airspace and the landing did not have verbal clearance. However, the actual word apology was not anywhere to be seen in the letter. But the Chinese official who were aerated with communicating the contents of the letter to the Chinese people chose to trans late the speech very sorry, which appeared twice in the letter, to shenbiao qianyi , A Chinese statement that implies a deep apologetic expression and is only used when one is judge liability for wrong doing and its consequences. Based solely on the translation of this letter, the Chinese released the U.S. crew.One thing that clearly emerged from this incident is that it was a matter of what the U.S. chose to regulate and what the Chinese chose to hear that ended this impasse.This matter was resolved by the victimization of the loss of meaning inherent in translation from one dustup to another by the United States officials who were involved in the negotiations. Bates Gill, the North East Asian Policy Studies director at Brookings Institution states that U.S.negotiators have in the past exploited the use of such course as acknowledge which upon translation stand for to recognize or admit, so that the Chinese can take such words to mean an admission of guilt, when this is not real the case. (Griffin, 2000).There are several cultural differences between the Chinese an Americans, which has regard the need to develop a meaningful intercultural communication network so as to foster understanding between these two countries with the ultimate establish of creating a better relationship between the two countries. The benefits of an effective intercultural communication network include, but are not limited to creation of healthier communities, reduced friction and conflict, improved international, regional and local commerce and increased tolerance which results into personal growth. (Griffin, 2000).The cultural differences between the two countries that necessitates the purpose of effective intercultural communication networks. Some differences particularly in the societal and institutional organization of American and Chinese societies that significantly played a role in the development of the highlighted incident to the stated proportions include ethnic culture, whereby the Chinese are generally a reclusive people, preferring to mind their own business and pump their cultural values in building of healthy relationships with each other at individual level. They keep to themselves and isolate strangers, while Americans are individual and do not confide in strong cultural ties and generally operate under an attitude of saving the world and thus intercede in all affairs unfolding around them. In terms of source of trust, the Chinese believe in bank the people who surround them and dread losing credibility as a result of failure to choke up to oral agreements. The Americans on the other hand, belie in trusting the terms of the contractual agreement and not the people they deal with. Their only fear is getting into legal hassles as a result of contravening the contract, and steer little respect for oral agreements. (Griffin, 2000).In terms of business culture, the Chinese are genially clumsy in their communication and operate with insensibility and reservation when doing business. The Americans are the exact opposite being effective and facile communicators who are in most senses very outspoken. In regard to the style of negotiation, the Chinese make group endings, but the final decision lies with the boss. Americans believe in the giving of more individual authority to the stake holders, with the decision making process evenly distributed among the major players.When it comes to dealing with business counterparts, the Chinese are courteous and deal with their clients at a personal level, such that if there is a breach of contract then arising issues are taken up strongly, with the bad experiences being committed to long term memory. Americans, on the other hand, keep it strictly business, and adopt a matter-of-factly approach. They are also always willing to negotiate with the enemy so long as there is something to gain. (Griffin,2000).Finally, the Chinese exhibit a serious weakness in the ability to ma ke quick decisions in the heat of the moment, while their American counterparts have a strong sense of resolving serious issues as they present themselves. (Griffin, 2000).Being that the negotiations for the release of the detained U.S. crew was taking place between officials representing two countries, it was very necessary that conductful and appropriate diplomatic approaches be employed, lest the situation get out of hand. Therefore the cream to use garner to communicate official positions presented an appropriate communications device. Letters, as communication devices, are effective in that in they leave no room for ambiguity and contention. They are also formal and can be easily stored and retrieved fro credit rating in case a clarification is required. An appropriate communication theory that was at play in these negotiations was the stand point theory which outlines that knowledge, communication behaviors and individual experiences are largely under the influence of the social groups to which they belong. (Gudykunst, 2003).This is because by carefully exploiting the loss in meaning due to translation of words from one social setting to another, the United States officials who negotiated the release of the U.S. crew managed to establish a delicate balance between yielding into the demands of the Chinese, and maintaining the sovereignty of the United States through avoiding being arm-twisted into issuing a public apology to China. Had this issue not been resolved amicably, the situation could have rapidly degenerated to unimaginable proportions.This is an example of how effective intercultural communication can play important roles in transaction and maintenance of good diplomatic relations in the face of a potential crisis.References.Burman, R. Evans, A.J. (2008) Target Zero A Culture of safety, Defence melody Safety Centre Journal, 34 (2), 22-27. Retrieved, 10 March, 2010,fromhttp//www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/849892B2D6D24DFDB5BD9A4F288A9B18/0/DASC Journal2008.pdfCharles, W.L. Gareth, R.J.(2001). Strategic Management. pertly York Houghton Mifflin.Cox, Jr., Taylor (2001). The Multicultural Organization. Academy of Management Executive, 5(2), 34-47.Cummings, Thomas G. Worley, Christopher G. (2005), Organization Development and Change. brand-new York Thomson South-Western.Deal T. E. and Kennedy, A. A. (1982) Corporate Cultures The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Massachusetts Penguin Books.Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour an anterior Text. clams Prentice Hall.Montana, P., and Charnov, B. (2008). Management. New York Hauppauge.Schein, E.H. (2005). Organizational Culture and Leadership. New jersey Jossey-Bass.Fine, Marlene G.(2000). Cultural Diversity in the Workplace The State of the Field. Journal of blood line Communication, 33(4), 485-502.Griffin, E. (2000). A First Look at Communication Theory. Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.Gudykunst, William B. (2003), Intercultural Communication Theorie s, in Gudykunst, William B (ed.), Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Communication, 1(3), 167-189.Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.A. (2007). Organizational Behaviour an Introductory Text. Michigan Prentice Hall.Montana, P., and Charnov, B. (2008). Management. New York Hauppauge.Walck, C.L. (1995). Editors introduction Diverse approaches to managing diversity. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 3(1), 119-123.The Movie The D loathsomenesss AdvocateThe Movie The D savages AdvocateI had a chance to watch the image The Devils Advocate that was directed by Taylor Hackford and released in 1997. This movie is one of the best films that have some deep theology over the ism of theology and the philosophical problem of evil. In fact, the problem of evil has been discussed over the long centuries, and the debate still rages on today. After ceremony the show I really got thinking whether I am on a right way in my smell and reconsider my life priorities.Basically, the film is about the law c ompany run by keister Milton who represents the Satan. I believe that the author chooses the lawyers as the main characters intentionally because they have this power to judge the others and decide on the lives of the accused. The show reveals different kinds of issues that all earthly concern from different parts of the world struggle. Also, the movie proves how sin leads to dropping and destroys the human life. The most interesting thing is that in the show it is presented as the Satans plan. However, there are certain moments where it is obvious that the humans have a choice and go for terrible one.What is so dangerous about the humans? Why are we always destroying ourselves and the world around us? The function cannot be simple explained by the original sin and human weakness. Actually, the land is the loss of ethics and concerns for the others. People obsessed with vanity, greed, lust and the list can be continued. The reason is that they merely violate the Ten Commandment s written in the Old Testament, or vex it differently, Gods law. The illustration of vanity is an episode when potty Milton asks whether it would not be better to take care of wife and give up one case. Kevin Lomax responds that You know what scares me? I quit the case, she gets better and I hate her for it. I dont want to resent her, sewer, Ive got a winner here. Ive got to hold back this fucker down, do it fast, and put it behind me. Just get it done. Then put all my energy into her ( The Devils Advocate (1997) memorable quotes, n.d.). It is worth to admit that this choice is the significant moment that led to the ruin of Kevins family and life.Therefore, this passage highlights basic, fundamental beliefs at play. This is a great example of how fast the humans get have with power and exchange biblical moral beliefs to follow fleeting sinful desires. It seems that with each step we take away from these beliefs, we each step become c pretermitr to true evil.The strongest poin t in the show is presented by Kevin Lomax who asks, divulge to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven, is that it?( The Devils Advocate (1997) Memorable quotes, n.d.). Then, John Milton responds, Why not? Im here on the ground with my intrude in it since the whole thing began. Ive nurtured every sensation mans been inspired to have. I cared about what he wanted and I never judged him. Why? Because I never rejected him. In spite of all his imperfections, Im a devotee of man Im a humanist. Maybe the last humanist. (The Devils Advocate (1997) Memorable quotes., n.d.). This approaches to the doctrine of God. I mean that God has integrity he is truthful. God is bear on for the welfare of those whom He loves for their best interest.God has unconditional love and public-spirited interest in us for our sake. As in the Bible John 316, For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have immortal life. In contrast, Satan alwa ys hated the humans from the existence.The problem of evil challenges Christian faith, but we should not forget that the Lord promises us the invoke in our life, and all we need just obey and be unwavering to God. Even though all people are sinners as we are born with it, God is generous to us because in his plan he gives us a chance for redemption and salvation.I remember from the class lectures that, according to Augustinian theodicy, there is no evil but the lack of good. God created us as good beings in His image. However, we have a plain will, and we have to make the choices that will define our life, our surrounding, our ethics, our relationships, and our faith. When the humans put themselves over the Creator, we separate from God even if He loves us. I see that in the choice that God gives us we have to take responsibility for our actions. As a matter of fact, this responsibility is repentance.What worldview is assumed in the show? The show The Devils Advocate paints a cle ar picture of different worldviews with its consequences. Some have faith in the government or in a anticipate for world peace. Others have faith in their money, their education or their employment however, it can all let them down. Our health can fail, we can lose our job, and we can end a meaningful relationship with someone we care about.In contrast, I am convinced that all of those things are temporal, and they can be changed. I am a believer, and I agree that only Christian worldview produces a way of living that is fruitful and creative. There is no doubt that the Christian faith makes sense in this world that has confused its moral. I believe that the truth is absolute, and it can only be still by submitting to the Lordship of Jesus Christ. We all live by faith.To sum up, I have to say that I really enjoyed the movie because it made me to think what is really destroying our world, and what our part in creating better future is. We should start from the choices we make ever y day. Gods will do not have power unless we allow evil to seep in our hearts.

Lake Conservation And Urban Water Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Lake preservation And Urban Water Management surroundal Sciences EssayWater is cardinal of the most classical substances on the earth. Water generates the hydrosphere, circulates in the atmosphere, and infiltrates deep into the reason and moves through the lithosphere and sustains the biosphere. Fresh water bug like lake is a renewable resource following the hydrological cycle, it is not evenly distributed on the earths surface. Lakes atomic tote up 18 large water bodies, which have an important impact on gentle emotions such as security, happiness and creative aspects of behavior. These ar not untainted decorative bodies but ar biological and psychological necessities. Environmentally lakes be one of the important ecosystems. They play a signifi good dealt role in recharge and maintenance of ground water table. They have a big recreational potential in the progress to of water sports, boating and so forth in todays prodigal and stressful life style. In case of emerge ncy, they can serve as source of water for fire fighting etc. They can also be social occasiond for Aquaculture as a source of income. They add to the beauty of the city promoting tourism.The lakes and reservoirs, all over the country are facing degradation. The degradation is payable to encroachments and eutrophication (from domestic and industrial effluents) and choke off accumulation. there has been a considerable increase in urban population particularly after industrial revolution. The human settlements have taken place in and around the ponds and lakes to mitigate their demands, resulting in contaminating the water sources. The need of conservation and Management of Lakes is therefore rightly netherstood by the world alliance and the issues relating Conservation of lakes are on the anvil.In Lentic or lake ecosystems, the age process is just the reverse of lotic or river systems. Where as streams operate to get wider and deeper as they age, lakes tend to get shallower and the banks extend into what was originally string out water. Natural filling is generally collect to wind blown materials (soil, leaves, etc.) launching the system, sediment input by terrestrial run off, aquatic specify and animal debris and eutrophication.Eutrophic lakesWhen the balance is upset between photosynthesis and decomposition due to enrichment of water by in constitutional plant nutrients, either too a lot organic material accumulates without getting decomposed adequately or too umteen bacteria are present and an overabundance of decomposition occurs, the lake is classed as Eutrophic. They are considered to be middle aged systems. They are relatively shallow in comparison to Oligotrophic lakes. They have a silty or mud butt and have sufficient nutrients to support a large population of animals.The accelerate or cultural eutrophication of several waterbodies is ca employ by human activity. Large quantities of mineral nutrients and organic matter are added to the waterbodies in the form of sewage effluents, organic wastes, agricultural run-offs, excreta andThe Process of Eutrophicationfertilizerssewage (liquid domestic Industrial waste)minerals esp. nitratesminerals esp. nitrateseutrophicationalgal bloomcompetition for lightconsumers cant consume fast enoughdead plantsdead algaedetritusmore decomposers office up oxygen by aerobic respiration (increased physique)aerobes die invertebrates, search etc.anaerobic bacteria thrive, release NH4,CH4,H2Sexudates of animals and humans etc. These rear plenty of phosphates, nitrates (mostly of fertilizers applied to agricultural lands, domestic sewage etc.) which lead to dissolute developing of algae and other water plants. A rich microbial and animal population also develops. The process of natural Eutrophication which is generally truly slow , thus gets accelerated. Silt and organic debris accumulates at the nates and the system turns into a shallow muddy pond, then to a marshland and final ly into a dry land. Thus a waterbody which could have been profitable as a reservoir of fresh water and could have helped the growth of fish etc. for hundreds of years becomes integralityly useless at heart a span of few years only.Sources of Lake PollutionThe sources of Pollution can be classified as fixed point sources and Non-point SourcesEFFECTS OF EUTROPICATIONUndesirable effect of EutrophicationAlgal bloomsThe decaying algae, fish, planktons and other organisms cause foul smell.On depletion of oxygen direct and on exhausting nitrate oxygen, sulphates are reduced as a last resort to yield hydrogen sulphide which results in inquisitive smell and putrefied taste of water.The lakes become aesthetically unpleasant.Plant growth and silt hinder recreation activities.Rate of sedimentation increases, which shortens the life span of lakes.Mosquito evil increases ca victimisation health hazards to nearby residents.Steps to moderate EutrophicationPreventive Measures good waster wa ter treatment and removal of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous before discharging the sewerage into waterbodies.Controlling the recycling of nutrients through harvest.Effective disposition of organic matter as sludge.Developing phosphate-free detergents for domestic use.Adopting effective Physico-chemical methods for removal of dissolved nutrients such as nitrogen phosphorous compounds.Overcoming the temptation of over-fertilization. curative Measures for EutrophicationControlling eutrophication by applying algaecides such as copper Sulphate, chlorine etc. on susceptible surface waterbodies.Removal of the algal bloom by dredging mechanical means..Underwater weed cutters mounted on boats can be used to remove rooted aquatic plants.Dredges can be used to remove sediments to prevent recycling of nutrients and also for deepening of the lake.Sealing of Lake quarter with polythene sheeting to prevent release of nutrients from sediments.Providing aeration artificially to increa se the DO levels in the lake water.Diluting and or flushing the lake with water from Oligotrophic source.Using Bio remediation techniques.Arresting of nutrientsbiological removal using the ability of some microorganism to take up phosphorous in excess of their immediate nutritional requirements and store it within the cells in the form of polyphosphates. The sludge thus make can be removed from the system.Water Quality NetworkCentral Pollution Control Board pop offed national water quality monitoring in 1978 under Global Environmental Monitoring System (GEMS), Water course. Monitoring, Programme was started with 24 surface water and 11 groundwater send. Parallel to. GEMS, a National Programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources (MINARS), was started in 1984, with a total of 113 stations spread over 10 river basins. The present network comprises of 870 stations on rivers, lentic water bodies and subsurface waters are elaborated. The number of locations on mainstre am of the major river and their tributaries, medium and minor rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks and other water bodies is disposed in parenthesis. It is estimated that there is more or less 45,000 riverine continuance in India out of which astir(predicate) 6500 km length is having BOD higher than 6 mg/1 and can be branded as polluted, another 8500 km length is moderately polluted having BOD in the range of 3 to 6 Mg/l, and remaining about 30,000 km is relatively clean having BOD of 3 or Management of lakeTrophic verbalize world power in Conservation of Lake Ecosystems.When faced with challenges of trying to describe and organize what is known about the many varied diverse waterbodies, scientists have developed the Trophic State Index (TSI) Classification. This requires minimum data and is generally easy to understand. In the Index total chlorophyll indicates algal biomass and biological productivity and water lucidity is determined by Secchi disc, which indicates the level to which light can penetrate and algae can photosynthesize. TSI is the best and easy method. The range of the index between 40-50 is normally associated with mesotrophy (moderate productivity) values greater than 50 are associated with eutrophy (high productivity), values less than 40 are associated with oligotrophy (low productivity). Thus, the Trophic State Index (TSI) can serve an important tool in conservation of Lakes.Assessing the Hydrologic Characteristics of Lake Catchment Using GISLand use qualify is a dynamic process and if anthropogenic it has most often unbecoming effects on ecological hydrological processes. For better understanding the impacts of changing physiological characteristics on the hydrologic process, geospatial tools like remote sensing and GIS have been found useful. worldly concern Lake VisionThe key to sustainable use of our lakes and wetlands lies in finding a balance between the water needs of human beings and the ability of spirit to meet same over the lo ng term. The WLV has articulated the basic save plan for sustainable use of lake and wet land resources in the form of seven basic principles. Seven Principles for the sustainable lake management are tie in with-Harmony between Nature Man.Drainage Basin.Preventive approach to bother solving.Policy based on sound Science.Conflict Resolution.Stake toters involvement.Good governance.If future water security is to be achieved, there is an urgent need to initiate steps for protection, conservation and sustainable use of precious water resources in general and lakes in particular.Powai Lake A result StudyThe Powai Lake of Mumbai Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) is located about 27 Km. away in the North East of Mumbai City. It is an artificial reservoir formed by constructing a masonry impede between two hillocks across the Powai basin in the year 1891. The watershed area of the Powai Lake is 661 hectors. The top level of dam is 58.5 Mtrs. THD (Town Hall Datum), length is about 110 mtrs. and height is varying from 3mtrs.(Min.) to 6.00 Mtrs(Max.).The lake deteriorated due to accelerated growth of residential and commercial premises around the lake and quarry activities in the catchments area. Also there was no proper control on surrounding. Thus, there was an urgent need to evolve the strategy to improve and give the Powai lake surroundings. In the year 1995, under the national Lake Conservation Plan of the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) Government of India, the Powai Lake of MCGM was reviewed and identified for revival and improvements.The Powai Lake of Mumbai which was deteriorated due to eutrophication is now recovered using bioremediation and aeration technique.Observations before the start of revival work and after the completion of the same.elderParameterUnitsRequired value for Eco balanceValue before the start of Work (March 2002)Values after Completion of the work (April 2003)Top shadowTopBottom1D.O.mg/L522.871.36.055.452C.O.D .mg/L10 to 3057.5103.920.728.93Phosphatemg/L0.01 to 0.0353.9715.6180.01880.01784Nitrate/Nitrogenmg/L0.1 or less2.0633.10.07270.06925pHNo.7 to 8.57.736.987.67.886 add Kjeldahl Nitrogenmg/LN.P.8.912.52.182.027Total Suspended Solidsmg/L10.00 or less65.00131.508.38.28Turbidity in NTUNTUN.P.103.5404.39.37.99Chlorophyll-Amg/m38 to 2528.720.02223.917.9

Google Internal Environment and PESTEL Analysis

Google inborn Environment and PESTEL AnalysisABSTRACTThe purpose of this vomit is to strategically break a multinational company of our choice. Our case study is Google Inc. which we will analytically break down, using various sources. We chose Google because we found really interesting receivable to the feature that non only it is the biggest internet assay locomotive to date, exactly also a pi matchlesser in its industry. Based on alive literature and sack references, will try to analyze its internal and the away environment.INTRODUCTIONGoogle has occupied the dominating position in its industry since the offshoot referable to its unique product which is a conduce of its unparalleled work environment. It has gone on to attain the deepst sh be of the online search engine merchandise as it provides its users with a product that is difficulty substituted blush though on that point atomic number 18 legion(predicate) competitors. By analyzing the internal and ext ernal environment of the corporation, it is intelligible that Google is running a well oiled machine, paying aid to withal the least signifi fecest detail in order to ensure that it provides a prompt and rock-steady product to its guests.HistoryGoogle was founded around 1995 by Larry scallywag and Sergey Brin while they were still university students. The idea was establish on pages PhD research project called Backrub. This involved mathematical properties of a link structure on the internet. Having indexed any speckle 50 million mesh addresses, Google was formally incorporated by 1998.it has such significant influence that a company could either capaciously benefit, or be seriously harmed depending on the search rankings. Besides being the fall search engine, Google features different functions such as Gmail, Google Earth and Google Docs. provided, Googles extreme get hold ofment and constant expansion and development argon imputable to their unparalleled workings e nvironment which not only aims to keep e rattlingone happy, but roaringly does so. (Google, 2011, Keller et al, 2008) privileged ENVIRONMENTResources Capability TheorySourcesThe combination of sources and capabilities, defines a good schema of a company. Google achieved to combine ideally its sources and capabilities, as we can see that its scheme, is working. Ones company resources can be separated to tangible, nonphysical and compassionate. Referring to Googles tangible resources are the financial sources from advertising companies, raw materials, mechanical equipment, modern facilities, innovative design of homepages and hardware. As for the intangible resources they are, luxuriously applied science, worldwide reputation with users and suppliers , strong brand plant , huge information-base, patents desire Google Earth and eco friendly Blackle. both(prenominal) other authorized intangible concomitantor is the business culture of Google which does not only care m uch or less the service of users but also cares about vast working environment. More all over as for the human resources, Google has a large amount of high-skilled and capable staff. Further more, another(prenominal) important component of Googles success is its know how which cant be imitated by any other rival firm. In concomitant all employees are experienced in the commercialize of information based serve. Google has strong leadership combined with training which declarationed in loyal staff. (Christodoulou, 2010, David 2007)CapabilitiesThe combination of sources, tangible, intangible and human resources create the appropriate capabilities. Capabilities separated as marginal capabilities which cannot easily imitated and primal capabilities which can. By combining its resources, Google creates some very effective capabilities. Flexibility, quick result and speed of distributing the information are produced by the combination of huge entropy base with the highly advanced software. These capabilities are fundamental because they cannot be copied easily. Another fundamental capability of Google is innovative and effective human resources management. This is also a result of good leadership with highly skilled and specifically instruct staff. Furthermore, the combination of human resources with the software and excogitations has the result of design capability, which is imitated. The right transmittal of information between leadership, employees and the culture of Google results in good communication, as a fundamental capability. The combination of the right organization in human resources with the schedule system creates the fundamental capability of quick responsiveness to nodes. (Christodoulou, 2010, David, 2007)Competitive gainValueGoogle provides a high value product which satisfies its consumer require, whatever they whitethorn be, quickly and efficiently. A costumer can use its search engine when looking for information on literally anyth ing as well known, or not, that would be. This is what keeps it in its market dominating position as the leading search engine as it provides such a rare product. Furthermore, Google uses a weapons platform call AdSense which is vital I order for businesses to generate income. This is due to the fact that there is more traffic, hence more exposure, which consequently leads to an cast up in sales. (Morrow, 2009, Thompson and Strickland, 1998)RarityGoogles rarity can be seen even on its homepage which is irrelevant any of the rival companies. There is a 28 word jump policy for the homepage, meaning that it is the only one that which is completely clutter free, let customers focuses on what they want to use the product for without any distractions. This in bend shows that Google inc. wants to provide a high feeling product that meets consumer needs, rather than toilsome to gain meshing from annoying barements .Furthermore, the relevancy of the results of the search engine dir ect it evident that Google succeeds and r for each onees its aim to provide a product of the highest quality for each customer. Compared to its competitors, yahoo and Microsoft, it is the or so efficient and accurate when providing a consumer with the result. (Morrow, 2009)ImitablilityGoogles unique homepage has not been imitated by its competitors due to the fact that they are more interested in what consumers need to feel relaxed using this search engine, rather than profiting from advertisements. In addition even if competitors try to imitate Googles results, they would require an enormous database, extremely straightaway computer memory, and servers all around the world. Furthermore, Google try traces what you search each condemnation and in a way gets smarter in order to provide you with the most relevant results each time you search. It basically can tell what you are looking for even the word which experience been used has more than one meaning. (Morrow, 2009)Substitutabi lityThe fact is that Google has substitutes, such as Yahoo, Microsoft, Ask and Bing however it continues to overcome the market as it provides the best product and therefore gaining strong customer loyalty. (Morrow, 2009)Value chainDue to the fact that Google provides information based operate, which is a nonphysical product, its value chain differs from the traditional form. Their raw materials are the web users who use Google to search. The comparable users are then directed by schoolbook advertisements into their advertising partners websites where the sales occur, which is also the finished program. Furthermore, the search engine works in such a way that it keeps record of the users previous searches in order to provide more relevant results in future searches, which in turn means that web users are directed to websites where there is more probability that purchases will occur. In addition, due to highly skilled and fitted staff, the dependency of primary activities on hum an resource is quite high and so causes an summation in costs. Operations, sales, distribution and services are conducted with the aid of Googles servers and its internal software, all of which contribute to the value chain as they increase the firms profit. It also spreads its operations globally in order to be eternally aware of changes which in turn help Google maximize its profit. (Morrow, 2009)Mission program lineTo organize the world information to make it universally accessible and utile From this statement we can see that Google Inc is not interested in profit maximization but strives to meet the needs of its customers with a high quality product. Also Google states that sharing information and giving access to it, so that either person in the world could find whatever he needs from a source of his preference. (Morrow, 2009)EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTPESTELPoliticalAs for the governmental environment, Google has few political restrictions. Firstly, one of the political probl ems that it faces is with the Department of Justice, due to the fact that there are plenty of inappropriate content and classified documents. Secondly, it has problems with the Chinese Government, because of censorship of searching results. Google tries not to have problems with censorship globally, because of its cooperation with the U.S Government and the egis of personal privacy. For this reason, it has created privacy terms on its homepage, where users can find information. In addition, many countries of Asia have limitations on what can be searched, but broadly speaking the majority of countries around the world do not have restrictions. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008) frugalNowadays, there is an economic crisis all over the world witch importantly affects global sales. Furthermore, one of the countries that have been hit the most are the fall in States, where Google is located. However, this crisis has not affected Google, because it does not sell direct products, but services which are funded by advertisements. Also, the free provision of Google leads to an increase in its popularity, which in turn primary(prenominal)tains its good relations with advertising firms. Finally, its excellent knowledge of the market al first-class honours degrees Google to be able to respond to any kind of crisis. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)SocialGoogles great reward is that there are no social restrictions, because its services can be used by everyone despite age, religion, nationality and living conditions. Another advantage is that is not a seasonal company, for the reason that its services are everlastingly desired. Also, the development of engine room and the trend of using Internet through computers and prompt phones have increased in the last geezerhood, impacting Google expansion all over the world. Google has no geographical dependence because the technology of internet is widespread worldwide. An moral of geographical power is that more than 115 countries use Google, many of which are not economically developed. Googles social environment is global, meaning that is a Multilanguage society. For this reason, Googles services have been translated into numerous languages. Furthermore, it allows access to sites which may be inappropriate or appropriate. However in many countries there is a prohibition to them due to cultural and religion differences. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)TechnologicalThe technology is always advancing, so this phenomenon makes Google lead rapidly. For this reason, it has to be updated endlessly in order for it to conserve its revolution. New technology in computers systems may aid Googles services to work faster and better, so it has to prevent its opponents from taking this new technological knowledge. Another advantage of technology for Google is that the costs are decreasing, while the quality of the services that it offers is improving and the innovation are strengthened. It also emends the speed of informa tion, the ways of communication and transportation. These reasons help Google to lose ones temper and more important to survive. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)LegalThe legal environment is an issue that concerns everyone who uses the Internet. copyright is an issue that exists in legal environment because of the ability that third party persons and companies can copy pictures and steal information from others. As a result, Google has created a page with copyright information about what is legal and what is not. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)Five ForcesAs always analyze of five Porter forces play very important role for the study of business elements and contributes to develop the right strategy to be able to survive and become more competitive. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)Entry BarriersRegarding the search engines, they have accumulated a large amount of information on customer service. Therefore, Google updates its material, in order to compete with other online search engines. For a fresh introduced company it is necessary to serve and meet its customers expectations and the services should be provided at high speeds with flexibility in search. When Google was established around 1998, there were other similar companies like Yahoo, AltaVista and Excite, which had big influence in the market place but Google achieved to dominate. The web environment of search engines is more enriched, compared with the past years and its more familiar for users. As a result, the entry of new firms is not such a big threat for existing companies, especially for Google. (Morrow, 2008)SuppliersThe main suppliers of Google are advertisements of companies, which expect to be popular in the world, so this factor contributes to the direct profit. Therefore, the negotiating power of suppliers is relative low, because Google is the pioneer of searching services. Over the years, technology evolves rapidly and because of it, Google achieved to install new software in mobile phones. only in this case the negotiating power is very high, because there is other companies software, like Microsoft with more experience in the market place. (Morrow, 2008)CompetitorsThe main target of Google is to be able to face the competitiveness and become dominant company in the world of search engines. The main source of income is based on advertisements, due to reliable information that is collected daily. Since 2007, Google noted an upward evolution with yearbook profit rate at 110%. The main competitors of the company are Microsoft and Yahoo which have significantly lower profit. For the achievement of their profits, trademarks like MSN and Live-search contend very important role. The companys high market share gives it the advantage to improve the quality of information and make the search easier. As a result, Google creates successful advertisements rapidly in proportion with its competitors. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008)CustomersSince 2007, almost entirely, the profits of Google come from advertisements. The strategy of the company is to obtain new and more advertisements, of which the profit is maximum 3%. So it accumulates the profit from many small advertisements. Many firms want to advertise themselves and users have the opportunity to find them through keywords. Then, the percent of profits increased, because it is considered as an extra service. This attracts many companies which results in Google buying power in low levels. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008, 1999)SubstitutesIn recent years the world of Internet is the first pickax for the users, who search direct information. Due to the uniqueness and immediacy, there arent specific substitutes for data search. In order to Google to serve the users and become more competitive, with the help of some tools, classifies the data by date. The leading position of Google and the possible future unveiling of competitors depend on the satisfaction of customers and shareholders. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008, 1999)Com plementaryThe complementary goods are direct connected with services of Google and depend on them as these are movable computers and mobile phones. Generally, it is an industry with restricted amount of complementary goods. (David, 2007, Morrow, 2008, 1999)SWOT abbreviationStrengthsThere is a wide range of functions offered such as Google docs, Google earth, Gmail, Google spokesperson and Blackle, besides its main operation as a search engine. bully reputation and strong brand nameLoyal customersGoogle has developed very well its know how,Googles efficient and prompt resultsPay high attention to the usersUnique product-serviceFriendly working environmentDoes not distract its users by flooding the homepage with advertisementsWeaknessesThe requested search does not always coordinate with the resultsYou cannot always find the information that you want in the fullest extentThe information is mostly in EnglishHackers create many dummy site with netmailWhoever is interested in using Google for advertising purposes does not have a clear idea where it would be more profitable to place their advertisements as the cost or click charging is very confoundThere is a lot of useless and invalid informationOpportunitiesGoogle can expand by mergingUsing higher value context on the webCan increase the internet usageCan local vendors advertisements on every local searchIt can provide more handheld devices to capture a larger share of the marketIt can increase the advertising spending onlineThreatsThere are a lot of competitors and rivals security reviewA lot of legal trials due to users invasion of privacyThe confusing policy for advertisements may disappoint the potential clients and Google may start losing themIf it decides to follow its competitor by changing it minimal user friendly port it may lose a lot of its usersPrivacy issues regarding the contents self-controlIt can lose its brand loyalty if it merge with other large firms(David, 2007, Thomson and Strickland, 1 998)FINANCIALGoogle is a company that has increasingly become popular since 2004. In recent years it has achieved to increase its incomes that helped it become a profitable company. Googles tax revenue is 99% from advertisement, because the products that it sells are free to use. According to the financial statement, Google is better than its main competitor, Yahoo because, it has 2.4 times more of its revenue. Additionally, Google is more profitable than Yahoo as it manages its debts better. In recent years, Google has slowed down the sales growth, income growth, assets growth, the profit Margin and the give-up the ghost of assets as we can see in table 1. However, it is still at a good level and it does not declare to be in a downward path, because it is still first in sales. This is a result of its steady growth, as know that no company can achieve an upward course. Googles revenue is increasing annually, even if it is not at the same rate as previous years, however, it has nev er been less. (Morrow, 2009)CONCLUSIONTo sum up, throughout its progress, Google has kept its dominant position over its competitors in the information based services industry. Furthermore, it is very important to note that Google has not only been conformable when it comes to providing a product of the highest and quality, but is also constantly developing, adapting, but more significantly revolutionizing the industry. In addition, what makes Googles product so unique in comparison to its competitors is the attention that it gives to consumer needs in order to provide a reliable and difficultly substituted product rather than focusing on maximizing its profit with every given chance which may compromise the quality of its search result its product. Having analyzed the corporations internal and external environment it is evident that Google pays attention even to the smallest detail to ensure that it will be the leading company amongst the numerous other online search engines and h as been able to create loyal customers that are constantly increasing.SOURCES-BIBLIOGRAPHYMorrow, B. (2009)Internal Analysis of Google Inc., 22 February, 2009. Available at http//www.benmorrow.info/research/internal-analysis-of-google-inc Accessed 5 January, 2011Morrow, B. (2008) outdoor(a) Analysis of Google Inc., 15 October, 2008. Available at http//www.benmorrow.info/research/external-analysis-of-google-inc Accessed 5 January, 2011Google (2011) caller-out Overview Corporate Information.Christodoulou, I.P. (2010) Strategy Strategic instruction Perspectives. PowerPoint slides Lecture handouts. University of Hertfordshire.22 December, 2010Keller, K.L., (2008) Strategic crisscross Management. A European Perspective. 1st edn. England Pearson Education LimitedDavid, F.R., (2007) Strategic Management Concepts. 11th Ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson Prentice hallwayThompson, A. A. Jr and Strickland, A. J III (1998) Strategic Management Concepts and Cases. 10th Ed. USA Irwi n/McGraw knoll (International Edition)

Effect of Roasting Coffee on Caffeine Conten

Effect of Roasting Coffee on caffein Conten worldCoffee has been a popular drink since 20th century, non to a greater extent(prenominal)over because of its various colors and flavors receivable to contrasting breaker points of cook, but also the imprint on which it burn down stay on you to stay awake and to finish your job. It is ordinarily known that the reason for java to possess this onus is because of the caffein interior the deep brown domed stadiums. In command, at that place ar four main types of cook methods in the industry, namely, Light Roast, Medium Roast, Full Roast and Double Roast. in that location be a variety of uses on caffein nowa twenty-four hour periods. By busy with adenosine in brain and body, it moderates new transmission of signals in CNS, Central restless(prenominal) System, and therefore keeps people awake1. receivable to its short half(prenominal)- spiritedness in clement body, around 4-10 hours on average2, it can be used t o plus the effect of analgesic for pain control3 Also it has effect on delaying the muscle fatigue. However, caffein can cause negative effect on human body, for physical exertion, amplification the heart rate, breathing rate and comes people feel much appall and energetic, which is also the reason why International Olympic Committee debar racy caffein enjoyment. Moreover, it is a mildly addictive drug, so al well-nigh people cannot control the consumption of caffeine nether overdose, which could lead to caffeinism.4 Also, correspond to the a study held by Montreal University, if pregnant woman consume more(prenominal) than 1.5 cup of cocoa tree, the take a chance of miscarriage is doubled if consume more than four, the chance of miscarriage is tripled.5Therefore, the choice of caffeine consumption from live(a) chocolate becomes critical due to its harmful effect on human body. It is advised that, if necessary, 100-300 mg per day of caffeine consumption is accepta ble. However, people argon usually lack of noesis close the caffeine core in the enthusiastic chocolate and have no idea what amount exactly is in the deep brown they ar drinking. Thus, they oftentimes use their senses to identify the caffeine mental object in java tree relative to to each mavin otherwise. However, there argon a lot of myths astir(p violenticate) this method. For example, those darker coffee has more caffeine than visible radiation coffee due to its darkness or that the caffeine is done for(p) during cook in higher temperature, so the caffeine content in lighter coffee is higher than that of darker coffee. To prevent over-dosing of caffeine from coffee, it is vital for people to have the general idea of comparing the caffeine content in distinguishable coffee when buying a them.In this essay, the caffeine contents in coffee noodles roast in disparate degrees atomic number 18 examined by experiment through the drawion of caffeine by chemical path. The ending would be giveed by foc apply on the cook process, as coffee beans experience greatest change in somatogenic or chemical change during roast. Although there are a lot of sub-degrees of the main four cook degrees, unless one sub-degree from each degree would be selected as representative. look into QuestionDoes different roast degree affect the caffeine content in coffee beans? typify good dealting Information pilot program Coffee beansThe superior coffee beans are young in color. They contain non-volatile alkaloids, proteins and amino acid, carbohydrates, lipids, non-volatile chlorogenic acid, and volatile6 social unites. Among the non-volatile alkaloids, caffeine is the close to coarse. It contains 1-2.5% w/w 7 of greenness coffee been.CaffeineCaffeine is a white, crystal inception odorless and mordant tasting solid.8 It exists in the plant of coffee beans as a natural pesticide. Its formal name is trimethylxanthine, or in domineering appellatio n 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione.9 The chemical formula of caffeine is C8H10N4O2. It is a polar10 organic compound that contains carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Its density in solid form is 1.23 g/cm3. Due to the presence of nitrogen in the compound, caffeine is base in nature. Since it is a polar molecule, it is soluble to wet, especially in hot pissing. The solubility of caffeine in piddle is 22 at 25, 180 at 80, and 670 at 100.11 Under mash of standard ambient temperature and pressing12, the melting stop of caffeine is 23813 and it can also sublime at 178in nearly nihility14, which volition be explained by bod draw next.Phase DiagramThree general phases of matter are solid, liquid and mess up. Change of phase does not only depend on the temperature, but also the surrounding pres accredited performing on the chemicals. For example, the simmering dot of weewee is 100, under standard ambient temperature and compress. However, if the is primed(p) in a lower atmospheric gouge, the simmering point of water is lessend since the vapor pressure is already greater than the atmospheric pressure, so water molecules can escape from the water surface in a lower required zip. Therefore, each compound can afford phase change to the three phases in different combination of temperature and pressure. elaborate 2 is a phase diagram of . The lines dividing the diagram into sections represent that under certain temperature and pressure, would undergo change of phase, which is equilibrium between the two phases that the line is dividing. For example, the red line, if A 1, hence the corresponding melting point increases, piece of music the corresponding simmering point, A, decreases.Each element has their own phase diagram to illustrate the transition of phases under different combination of temperature and pressure. Figure 3 is a phase diagram illustrating the phase transitions of caffeine, which is diff erent from . This is critical in later interpretation of the result in the experiment. It is because roasting process involves temperature and pressure change.Roasting processThe main purpose of roasting coffee beans is to pull out toxins, enhance the taste and concentrate the odor wanted. Since green coffee beans are hard, little smell and contain a lot of compounds that are bitter in taste. Therefore, by roasting, it can result in both physical and chemical change in the green coffee beans. Since caffeine is the main pointor that is concerned in this essay, other chemical change get out not be discussed. Although there are a lot different roasting processes in the industry, much(prenominal) as fluidized bed roasting, fast roasting or horizontal rotating drum, the basic process of roasting is similar. During roasting, there are 10% to 20% lost in weight from the green coffee beans. Here is a summary of roasting process of coffee beans high temperature of Green Coffee Beans from 3-5 transactions (about 25 to 100)The green coffee beans are heated so that the water in the original coffee beans evaporates at a rattling fast rate. As this point, the green coffee beans patch from green to yellow due to caramelization of sugar in the coffee beans. heating plant of Yellow Coffee Beans from 5th-9th endorsements (about 170to 200)The yellow coffee beans are barely heated and start to turn to brown in color as more sugar being caramelized. Carbon dioxide and water are strained to escape out of the coffee beans due to the high pressure inside, as the temperature is very high, which also causes the expansion in size of coffee beans. The smelling also starts to give out at this stage.First crack from 10th-11th minutes (about 210)A first sound of crack gives out as the coffee beans expand to almost double in size from green coffee beans in high temperature. Familiar aroma is given out and the coffee beans turn golden brown at this stage. After this stage, accordin g to different degrees of roasting required, the coffee beans will undergo different temperatures and time periods for unless heating. During the process, the sugar is caramelized further and coffee oil is released.Light roastTo formulate light cook coffee beans, the beans from stage 3 are to be roasted about one more minute in about 215 before the endorsement crack.Medium roastFor further half to one minute from light roasted in about 230, a second crack evanesces and it means medium roast is finished.Full roastIf act for half to one minute from medium roasted in about 240, full roasted coffee beans are peaceful.Double roastThis is the most common final step that coffee beans would be roasted, which is acquired from continuing the roasting from full roasted coffee beans for about half a minute more in about 245. The sugar in the coffee beans at this stage is started to burn and degraded.The preceding(prenominal) heating process can be achieved by either roasting the coffee b eans on a hot plate, which is a traditional roasting method in industry or in home roasting, or passing the coffee beans by high temperature steam.MethodVariablesIndependent head of roasted coffee beansDependent Caffeine extracted from the coffee beans (g)Controlled Mass of roasted coffee beans (g)Brand of coffee beans (Starbucks) utensil The following apparatus are used in this experiment.Chemicals The following chemicals are used in this experiment.ProceduresExtracting chemicals compounds out of coffee beansMeasure 100mL of distilled water by graduated cylinderPour the water into a 200mL beaker. spot the beaker on a hot plate and heat the hot plate to 100. tramp a weighing boat on an electronic whole tone and trickster it.Measure 3g of coffee beans, in form of powder, on the electronic scale and testify it.Add the 3g of coffee powder into the boiling water. habit sugarcoat rod to stir the solution during heating.After the water boils, which means it reaches 100, set the temp erature to 80 and allow the solution to stand for 20 minutes to extract as much caffeine as possible.Explanation of Stage 1 functioningSince caffeine is a polar molecule, it drops in water, especially in hot water. It is because increase in temperature leads to increase in solubility of solids, as less energy is required directly from the molecule to break the water molecules a stir up from each other. substance abuse of distilled water instead of tap water is to prevent any interruption from foreign ions exist, such as fall the solubility of caffeine. The water volume to coffee powder mass balance has to be adult to ensure that there is enough water to fade out caffeine. Hotplate is preferred as it is easier to manipulate the temperature. The decrease in temperature from boiling point is to prevent any further evapo ration of water, which may decrease the amount of caffeine extracted from coffee beans powder. Also, the coffee beans have to be in powder form in mark to incre ase the surface landing field to dissolve completely in the solution.Assumption in Stage 1 procedureThe coffee beans are originated from the equal coffee beans withdrawm.No other procedure apart from roasting and grinding is through.The coffee beans are roasted in the same method.The degree of roasting is exactly same as listed on the package.Separate caffeine from other chemicals in the solution manipulation filter paper and filter funnel to filter out big(p) remaining solids.After the solution in stage 1 is cooled down, measure 2g of sodium carbonate by electronic scale and add it to the solution.Use glass rod to stir the solution and allows sodium carbonate to dissolve in the solution.Use a pipette of 25 mL to ravish 25 mL of methylene chloride to the solution in order to happen entire measurement and stir it with a glass rod for a few minutes.Pour the solution into a separating funnel and cover it.20Use a stand to hold the separating funnel and allow the solution in it to separate into two immiscible layers.Precaution of Stage 2Since methylene chloride is a volatile organic resultant, it is toxic when inhaled. Thus, starting from step 3 in Stage 2 and onward, all steps in the experiment have to be carried in the fume board.Make sure the arising of the separating funnel is closed before pouring the solution.Explanation of Stage 2 procedureApart from caffeine, the solution from stage 1 also contains different compounds extracted from the coffee beans, which are soluble in water too. The most abundant amount among the other compounds is tannin, which usually exists in plants products. Therefore, the auxiliary of sodium carbonate is to remove those compounds other than caffeine by allowing those compounds to be more soluble and hence, allow them to dissolve in water instead of other solvents.The addition of methylene chloride is the most important procedure. It is a good organic solvent to dissolve caffeine. Although caffeine is a polar molecule and has dipole arcminute of 3.64D22, it dissolves more readily in less polar methylene chloride, which has dipole moment23 of 1.14D24, time H2O 1.84D25. It is because caffeine is a large molecule, so humbled charges are distributed over a large distance, which makes the molecule less polar than water even though is has larger value of dipole moment than water. Therefore, it dissolves more readily in dichloromethane than in water.Since the polarity of dichloromethane is far less than water and is almost non-polar, it is not miscible with water, and due to its zep mass, 84.93g/mol, which is heavier than water molecule, 18.02g/mol, it sinks in the separating funnel.Assumptions in Stage 2 procedure altogether caffeine in coffee beans dissolves in the boiling water from stage 1 tout ensemble caffeine is dissolved in dichloromethane from water and no other compounds.Completion of caffeine extract (In fume board) scar a beaker for the number of trial of a particular kind of coffee be ans.Weigh the mass of a beaker by electronic balance and record it.Place the measured beaker under the separating funnel and open the funnel to draw off the lower dichloromethane down to the beaker.Cover can be assailable a little in order to add atmospheric pressure inside the funnel, so that solution can quarter down smoother. shut out the cover of the funnel when reaching the separating line and allow the solution to run slowly.Close the funnel when the line of separation is reached at the tip of the funnel.Place the beaker with collected dichloromethane on a hot plate.26Turn the temperature of hot plate to 100.Wait until all solutions are evaporated and the beaker is dried and white crystals remain. concede the beaker to cool down then measure the mass again on the electronic scale and record it. The difference between the mass of beaker in step 1 and step 9 in Stage 3 is the mass of caffeine extracted from the coffee beans.Explanation for Stage 3 procedureEach beaker has dif ferent mass, so every individual mass essential be weighed before usage. Step 1 must be through with(p) if trials are being done simultaneously. If most extra solutions from the upper part of the separating funnel are obtained, the entire procedure has to be started again. Since the boiling point of dichloromethane is 40, 100can make sure that any water and dichloromethane are evaporated while 100is still far lower than the point of sublimation of caffeine in vacuum.Assumption in Stage 3 procedureAll dichloromethane is collected in the beaker.Only caffeine remains in the beaker later evaporation of other solution.Finally, repeat the entire procedure to obtain 5 trials result for each kind of roasted coffee beans. Therefore, there will be 20 results obtained.After all procedures are done, make sure all the apparatus which have contact with dichloromethane are placed inside the fume board and all solutions are poured into a massive beaker. Label the beaker as toxic organic waste in order to allow the technician to dispose or treat them correctly.Raw data mirror imageWhite precipitates remained.The precipitates are odorless.White precipitates stick on the bottom of the beaker. mop up and AnalysisFrom the calculations and Diagram 1, it can be seen that the percentages of caffeine existing in each coffee beans roasted in different degree are very closed. Therefore, the answer to the research question based on the result should be the caffeine content in a coffee bean is not affect during the roasting process. The result is reliable since all percentages breathe between 3.2% and 4.0%, which are between the greatest value of lower limits and the low value in the upper limits of all percentages. Moreover, the trend shows neither increase nor decreasing as the degree of roasting increases. Thus, there should not be any relationship between the degree of roasting and the caffeine content in the corresponding coffee beans. I will now interpret the results with re garding the background knowledge.Referring back to the roasting process, it is clear that no chemical is added during the roasting process. However, the roasting process involves high temperature on direct heating with coat pans or use high temperature steam as alternative. One myth about the roasting process is that people claim that some caffeine is destroyed or evaporated during roasting under high temperature, so lighter coffee beans contain more caffeine than darker coffee beans. However, most of the roasting temperatures are under the melting point of caffeine, which is, indeed, not enough energy to destroy intra-molecular bonds. Although the temperature used for double roasted coffee beans are a little higher than the melting point of caffeine, the temperature only stands for about half a minute, which is not enough for the internal part of coffee beans to rhytidoplasty to melting point of caffeine. Neither, therefore, destroy nor evaporation of caffeine is unlikely to occ ur during the roasting process.Moreover, some myths say that due to the fact that the point of sublimation of caffeine is 178 and the temperature for full roast and double roast is already beyond that temperature, which exceeds 200, thus, the caffeine content in darker coffee beans is again described as less caffeine content that lighter coffee beans. It seems to be reasonable at first, but apart from temperature, we also consider the pressure in roasting process, since phase change depends on temperature and pressure as mentioned before in this essay. Considering the method of heating green coffee beans directly, in order to keep the temperature over 200, it is necessary that the system of the roasting process is under a closed condition, so that less energy is lost to the surrounding. According to the example Gas Law, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas molecules, R is the gas constant and T is temperature. As the system is closed, the volume, amount of gas and R, indeed, are constant. Therefore, if the temperature increases, the pressure also increases in the system. Same condition is in the method of using high temperature steam. Although it is commonly known that gas is the highest phase and the temperature cannot increase anymore, it is possible to create a steam with higher temperature than its boiling point, which is in a closed system. So if 200 steam is to be used, the roasting system has to be closed. Applying the same principle as before, the pressure also increases with the increase in temperature.Refer to figure 3, the phase diagram of caffeine. As the pressure increases, the blue line, the melting point of caffeine increases, the red line. Since the atmospheric pressure is increased to against the vapor pressure of caffeine, so more energy needed to break the forces between caffeine molecules in solid, which is an heat-releasing reaction27. Also, from the diagram, the line representing the sublima tion point, purple rectangle, is only under relatively low pressure and temperature, as 178under vacuum condition, which is not the case in roasting coffee beans. Thus, it is incorrect to say that caffeine sublimes during roasting process.To conclude, high temperature and pressure in roasting process are the reasons that the caffeine content is not affected regardless the degree of roasting that the coffee beans have achieved. Therefore, even different degree of roasted coffee beans is used to brew coffee, the caffeine consumption is the same no matter which type of coffee you prefer. Indeed, decaffeinated coffee is not taken into describe.Limitations and EvaluationsRandom errors Random error arises since caffeine may not be all dissolved in dichloromethane since it still has a little solubility in room temperature water. Furthermore, the caffeine extracted by dichloromethane may contain impurities, which affect the mass of caffeine recorded. Also, the measurement using graduated c ylinder causes uncertainties. Moreover, the use of other equipments such as electronic balance, which causes 0.01g on the mass measured.Systematic errors The quantity of sample is too small, which causes indecipherable results obtained since large difference may be obtained if sample has larger quantity. If there is any difference of caffeine content, it would be more obvious if increase the amount of each coffee powder sample used. However, due to the fact that school laboratory do not have a large beaker at the time the experiment was performed, which required more than 200mL, only small amount of sample in each trial can be used in order to keep a large ratio between the volume of water and the mass of the coffee powder.Moreover, the major systematic error is the separation of two layers in separating funnel. Since the running of dichloromethane into a beaker is manipulated by hands and through the observation. To ensure that all dichloromethane is collected, the mop up of the separating funnel is a little delayed due to the bubbles in the separating line, which blurred the exact separating level. Therefore, a little solution of the upper part, which contains the impurities from coffee beans, is added into the dichloromethane in the beaker. After the evaporation, since sodium carbonate is added before and it has high boiling point due to its ionic structure, its mass contributes to the mass weighed on the electronic balance.Methods to go down the major systematic error- Sublimation of caffeineIn order to resolve the major systematic error, a further step can be done if equipment is allowed in school laboratory. Since caffeine sublimes well under vacuum at 178, as no air molecules against the vapor pressure of caffeine, the collected caffeine can be placed into a flask connecting to a aspirator, which keeps the condition in vacuum, and have a cold finger above it and a heat source below the flask. Caffeine can then sublime and precipitate on the cold fin ger. Thus, pure caffeine can be collected and weighed.Further unresolved question and suggested investigationAlthough the caffeine content is not affected by roasting, a step averse can result in an unresolved question, which is whether green coffee beans braggart(a) from different places contain different level of caffeine inside? A suggested way to do so is that buy different coffee beans of same roasted level from different locations around the world. This can be done by using internet shopping. After, extract caffeine from each example and compare the caffeine content in each coffee bean from different location.Since there are more and more methods of roasting in the industry, such as fluidized bed roasting and fast roasting29, it would be evoke to investigate whether these new methods of roasting can affect the caffeine content in the coffee beans even they are claimed to be same degree of roasting after all.BibliographyA, Nehlig JL, Daval G, Debry (1992). Caffeine and the c entral nervous system Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects. mindset Res RevFP, Meyer E, Canzler H,Giers H. Walther (1991). Time course of inhibition of caffeine excreting in response to the oral depot contraceptive agent Deposiston. hormonal contraceptives and caffeine excretion. Zentralbl GynakolOxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs Oxford Press.Kent, Michael (1997). Oxford Food Fitness (A Dictionary of diet and exercise) Oxford University Press.Anderson, dungaree Deslein, Barbara. The Nutrition Bible William Marrow and Company, Inc.LEUNG, T. M. LEE, C. C. Inorganic Chemistry and Chemistry in Action Fillans.Library for Science. .About.com Drug bank Purdue University Online make-up Lab attend to for chemicals Carleton College University of British Columbia Coffee-Makers-Caf Coffee-Tea Sweet Marias Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc. The Scripps Research Institute City Collegiate New Mexico Tech Ezine Article Beverage.cc PubMed database appendixChemicals in green coffee beansNon-volatile alkaloidsCaffeine, theophylline, theobromine, paraxanthine, liberine, and methylliberine are present, while caffeine is the most abundant non-volatile alkaloid, which is about 1-2.5% w/w of a green coffee bean. Also, caffeine acts as a natural insecticide for the plant. Moreover, caffeines half life is 5.7 hours in a normal adult body.31Proteins and amino acidsProteins and amino acids make up 8-12% w/w of a green coffee bean.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates account for 50% w/w of a green coffee bean, mostly polysaccharides.LipidsLipids, ester, long chained unsaturated fatty acids and amides are found in green coffee beans. The fatty acid is saturated during roasting process, which accounts for the coffee oil.Non-volatine chlorogenic acidsChlorogenic acids are antioxidant. They are good for health, but 70% of them are destroyed during roasting process.Volatile compoundsVolatile compounds are found in green coffee beans as aldehydes, shor t-chained fatty acids and nitrogen containing aromatic molecules. However, the aromatic molecules in green coffee beans are unpleasant, which is the reason that coffee beans are roasted in order to form pleasant odor of aromatic molecules.Degree of roastingIt can be seen that although dipole moment of caffeine is very large, larger than water, the size of the molecule is very large compared to water and dichloromethane. Therefore, charges are spread widely, which makes the polarity of caffeine molecule less polar. Thus, caffeine dissolves more readily in dichloromethane than in water or sodium carbonate, which is ionic compound. Sodium carbonate is used to react and make some compound other than caffeine to be more soluble to water, such as tannin.34Nehlig, A, Daval JL, Debry G (1992). Caffeine and the central nervous system Mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic, and psychostimulant effects. superstar Res RevMeyer, FP, Canzler E, Giers H, Walther H. (1991). Time course of in hibition of caffeine elimination in response to the oral depot contraceptive agent Deposiston. hormonal contraceptives and caffeine elimination. Zentralbl GynakolOxford A-Z of Medicinal Drugs, Oxford Press.Michael Kent (1997). Oxford Food Fitness (A Dictionary of diet and exercise). Oxford University Press. jean Anderson, Barbara Deslein. The Nutrition Bible. William Marrow and Company, Inc.Volatile means tendency of vaporization.w/w = weight/volume percentage solutionLibrary for Science http//www.chromatography-online.org/directory/analt-235/page.html About.com http//chemistry.about.com/od/moleculescompounds/a/caffeine.htmDrug bank http//www.drugbank.ca/cgi-bin/getCard.cgi?CARD=DB00201Electrons are unevenly distributed.Purdue University Online Writing Lab http//employees.oneonta.edu/knauerbr/chem226/226expts/226_expt06_pro.pdf25and 1 atmT. M. LEUNG, C. C. LEE, Inorganic Chemistry and Chemistry in Action, Fillans.Look for chemicals http//www.lookchem.com/Caffeine/Original from Carl eton College http//serc.carleton.edu/research_education/equilibria/other_diagrams.html Red line added as example.Original from University of British Columbia http//www.chem.ubc.ca/courseware/123/tutorials/exp10A/sublimation/Coffee-Makers-Cafe http//www.coffee-makers-cafe.com/coffee-roasting.htmlroastHomeCoffee-Tea http//www.coffee-tea.co.uk/commercial-roasting.php Sweet Marias http//www.sweetmarias.com/roasting-VisualGuideV2.phpThe method of extracting caffeine from coffee is change by myself from originally design from Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc. www.seriaz.org/downloads/4-caffiene.pdfAll coffee beans are from same brand- Starbucks.Using separating funnel is more accurate than pouring the solution in another beaker by hand and using filter paper to remove the remaining unwanted solution from the original design.Fig. 4 separating funnels diagram is from Jindal Medical Scientific InstrumentD = Debye = unit of dipole moment. Look for chemical http//www.lookchem.com /Caffeine/Dipole moment is the vector sum of polarity.The Scripps Research Institute http//www.scripps.edu/chem/finn/Scipdfiles/dipolemoments.pdfCity Collegiate http//www.citycollegiate.com/dipolemoment.htmCalcium sulphate is not used as mentioned in the original procedure, since it cannot be removed after wards, which could affect the mass of caffeine collected.Exothermic reaction means there is a net energy given out as heat.New Mexico Tech http//infohost.nmt.edu/jaltig/Chem333LCaffeine.pdfEzine Articles http//ezinearticles.com/?A-Look-at-the-Coffee-Roasting-Processid=1802022Beverage.cc PubMed database Sweet Marias Rare case that the coffee beans are totally blackened.Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Inc.

Ethical Debate On Human Cloning

Ethical Debate On Human copyToday, erudition is developing at lightning speed. Todays science allows us to do many things that we would redeem appe ared impossible a few decades ago, such as re-create. Firstly, what is re-create? Cloning is a act upon of producing genetically identical individuals, where one produces copies of cells or desoxyribonucleic acid fragments. But beyond the scientific level, the re-create issue has been controversial since moral philosophy and morality on the same day when the idea was developed, there is this nearly 100 years, and honorable challenges raised intimately pitying copy are several levels. Some objections relate to safety of human cloning experiments, beca single-valued function the process is far from being regarded as infallible, and it raises mostly moral and ethical objections that go well beyond issues of safety and scientific concerns. Indeed, we can question the motives of human cloning, whether some reasons are more acce ptable than others, but withal about the likely impact that this will lead to humanity. Is cloning virtuously acceptable?On the one hand, tally to the theories of Greek philosopher Aristotle, it would be current to say that human cloning is unethical because of the ridiculous methods are active to get there. Indeed, many methods developed and the many uses of cloning technologies destroy lives and do nonhing but harm. For example, it took just over 277 tests before the scientists can create the first clone. Moreover, the conjecture of naturalism ethics, methods of cloning are not the leave alone of an action according to the order of nature, in other words, cloning is not consistent with human nature, because is not natural for humans to be cloned. Moreover, if cloning ever becomes a reality in the near future, it will be a reasonable way to contribute to the good of humanity. Unreasonable use of cloning for the purpose of an individualistic happiness could lead to irreversib le consequences on humans and night club.On the other hand, if we look at the ethical theories of philosopher lavatory Stuart hoagy, human cloning would be beneficial as long as the number of people who benefit outweighs the number of people who suffer. In fact, according to Mill, the calculation of the moral value of any action is the result of the plus between the consequences and results of this action, the addition of happiness generated and pain caused. Unlike Kant, Mill gives no weight to the intent of this gesture, but he still believes that the consequences of an action gibe its moral value. For example, cloning kills clones that have been a failure in experiments, but it could be a way to help prolong life. According to the theory of utilitarianism, Mill overly believes that actions must be judged on how they promote human happiness for the greatest number of people, and action is deemed morally acceptable as it tends to promote happiness, because for Mill, happiness is the only true virtue. In this way, then Mill would agree that improving the lot of all humanity in transfigure for a small group of less fortunate people is reassert because they are not the consequences that must guide us, but rather the purport which is hidden behind our action. In short, cloning is morally acceptable to society because it leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of men.Finally, contrary to Mill, Immanuel Kant would disagree with cloning because we use people as a means to an end, even if it is to fulfill or to benefit a greater number of people. According to the normal of universalization, any action is not morally acceptable if it harms the interests of humanity, or if it leads to the demise thereof. For example, we must ask ourselves whether it is possible that all humans on the artificial satellite can be cloned or have the right to do so. If we allowed everyone to be cloned, what would happen? The answer is obvious it would lead inevi tably to global overpopulation and thereby would cause the destruction of humanity. Moreover, cloning violates the principle of Kant to a certain level, because if we crystalize a clone in order to create a high-performance race, having clear expectations about the personality and physical abilities of the individual or psychological, would overthrow the fundamental principles of humanity or respect for others, minorities and the individuality of human beings. In addition, if one based on the possibility that humans could be cloned to come through organs can then be transplanted into the donor DNA without risk of exposure of rejection, he admits that creating a clone simply as a acknowledgment of spare parts is a flagrant violation of the principles of Kant. Indeed, this method would be selfish for those who can not afford such a transplant, and it also results from the use of people to achieve something. In short, cloning does not indeed comply with the unhomogeneous princi ples of Kant and makes cloning morally unacceptable.In conclusion, the ethical theories of various philosophers therefore lead us to have many different views on this new scientific approach so controversial. While the proponents of human cloning argue that the initial negative reaction is simply a everyday response of man had something new and unknown, it is clear that the ethical debate on human cloning is not the point of fade. It remains nonetheless that cloning would violate a lot and very widespread belief about the individuality and the freedom of every human right, because what is the value of a human being is its uniqueness. The living being is unique and indeterminable.