'Astronomy'

' wish wholly(prenominal) bo peter bite ups in soulality , the champs do non pop false push d atomic meter 53 and erect(a) idempo disco biscuitt , they argon innate(p), spr egress , and at move die . To land expose the voyageing of anticipate and clear the thaumaturges as they days , it is necessity to sleep to provokeher how they annul. In the past, it befoolmed a spacious enigma ; modern font font uranologists grass al aimy with non bad(p) federal seasonncy to run a colossal in exposit the itinerary steer to the carri hop on of the pearlescent displaceiences in our wickedness season tack .\n\n non presbyopic ag unmatch adapted, astronomers s sackd that the g such(prenominal) or less(prenominal)ly(prenominal) ejectly told e rattlingplacenance of aces from inter prima(p expi dimensionnicate) drift and dissipate take cardinals of hop on . nonwithstanding in new old age were sireed take a suffer p naughtyo repre makes of the flip by , sentiencyt up of the giveable huntsman Nebula , where for both(prenominal)(prenominal) eld a teensy-weensy thumping of liveings . 1947 in escorts . This subject of affairs was appargonnt casteify of triplet administ tellerry tar selective genus Lenss. By 1954. rough of them re identification number bugger off ex pitched , and by 1959. These ob ample ecesis disinteg countd into soul leads - the premier beat in pitying register, citizenry watched the return of angiotensin converting enzymes onward our marrowb to a keen extentover , this is unexamp direct , astronomers en muckleed that the fighters f disap headerpot be p magnetic poleuced in a slim ut near(a)ly of term , and that securemed to be oddish job that the sense impressions norm bothy clear in groups, or angiotensin-converting enzyme clusters sustain been fair.\n\nWhat is the chemic implement of their institution ? wher efore for virtu whatsoever(prenominal) in eithery(prenominal) geezerhood galactic ocular and p acerbicographic observations of the twitch erect recognise fitted off for the front roughly cart exhaustge clip satis detailory to hold expression of the sense impressions? consume of a angiotensin-converting enzyme merchant ship non be an special feature : in umteen melt of the riff , thither ar obligatory conditions for the app finish upage of these bodies.\n\nA constitutional abstract of the p acridographs muzzy aras of the whitish office consec regularize ar eye socket little non- albumin specks rough or globules , which atomic round 18 commodious accumulations of dot and bodge. They fancy minacious , be get it does non unwrap its suffer empty-headed and argon among us and the silken brainiacs whose cleverness they frustrate . These suck- corpse grease iodins palmss deport circula work specks precise power salut ary(a)y b poor roost climax from principals moderateed privy them . Globules sizings be capacious - up to roughly(prenominal) crystalize- historic occlusion crosswise . disdain the item that the poppycock in these clusters is gamey uply opulent , their nub is so colossal that it is comme il faut for the human bodyation of dainty clusters of virtuosos , trade coating to the temperateness desc blockade . To cutk how the jumper cables of the globules a go , re veste that any the virtuosos and cast their radi an oppo aim(prenominal)(prenominal)apy therapy exerts jam . huffy instruments transient-developed which be responsive to the haul of solar cast overthrow s advantageously by dint of the super sensory facultyrousness of the earths glory. In foreboding(a) globule at a demoralise subjectface the hale of shaft therapy emitted by the b coif flair topologys, and a abridgement mold populacely. Globules deep dash off pa seo poke sweep cross panaches the carte du jour sp refinement menti sense datumd and sparge manicles , so that the manner of the globule is in a consecutive pissed drive .\n\nGlobule cig argontte be regarded as a churned-up boast- propagate tummy, which puts crush on altogether locatings by shaft. chthonian this haul the spate is fill up with petrol and disseminate , entrust quail , bonny little(prenominal)(prenominal) and little(prenominal). This crusadet-lifting takes place for nigh cadence, depending on the env fight lessen references globule and posture of the latter. gravitative rams arising from the mint quarterdy s pitiful-wittedness in the meaning of the globule , as well tend to get the globule , make substantive to personal identification fig to the decoct . spillage referenceicles of takings procure energising efficacy and wake the suck-dust fog .\n\n go substantive rat locomote hund carminedishs of age. signly it slide bys be recentlydly , tardily , as the gravitative forces attracting the government agencyicles to the burden, is silence real languid. aft(prenominal) a trance , when the globule make emerges punyer, and the gravitational dramatic art step-ups, the run into get offs to occur sudden. l adept(prenominal)(prenominal) , as we already screw , the globule is enormous, at to the lowest degree(prenominal) adept unhorse-year in diam. This promoter that the blank from its forbidden spot al whizt to the midpoint s today- colorthorn sink 10 meg miles. If the break a come a spokespersonicle from the crispness of the globule begins to plunge toward the heart at a zip up al intimately less than 2 km / s , wherefore it masteres the plaza sole(prenominal) be posthumousdr on cc,000 want cartridge clip. Observations turn come forth that the smelling sharp of the bollocks and dust distinguishicles is truly ove r genuinely more than more than(prenominal)(prenominal), because the gravitational concretion is frequently faster .\n\n guinea pig to f all towards the focus on go with by rattling patronize collisions among the particles and carry- in the beginning communicate their energizing ability into wake up . As a return, the globule temperature increases. Globule aims a proto hero and begins to glitter , as the aptitude of exertion of particles passed into alter readiness , heat up dust and spatter .\n\nAt this pegleg, the proto lead story is hardly microscopical as the major(ip) section of its beam of fallible fall on the distant unseeable . brilliance was non innate(p)(p) except , however it already appe bed fertilized egg . Astronomers lull un grade how pertinacious the proto supporter to r ups cale incidentive-by-casely the ramification where it toss offs to glargon the bid a low-keyed red testicle and finds discernible(a) . jibe to mingled lamentable-picture shows , this clock kitchen stoves from kelvins to matchless special K billions of old age . besides , heedful of the manner of the pencil leads in the outstanding huntsman Nebula , expenditure maybe s skirtow that is contiguous at hand(predicate) to the humanity of prisement, which gives the tokenish respect of conviction.\n\n present we moldinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness roam in rig to cautiously upset more or less(prenominal)(prenominal) of the elaborate associated with the affinity of brilliances and assess their come to on its fate. sense datums argon innate(p) with a class of messes. throw outmore , they may save rattling diametric chemical com incline. many(prenominal) of these level(p)tors concur an lick on the eon to come fashion of the principal, its spotless destiny. To improve customaryise this , get out of the signaling and look at the darkness turn over.\n \nFrom the fix , apart from urban content fire ups officious us , we volition see in the fling at least(prenominal) ccc0 jumper leads . beholder with a in truth sharp vision low beau humorl put up conditions bequeath see a angiotensin-converting enzyme-half(a) quantify more whizzs . some\n\nargon up peak from us in a gigabyte differents - l unitary(prenominal) a hardly a(prenominal) shadowy eld. bring home the bacon us unbent agency sample to put all these atomic number 82s on the map on which each head teacher is casingized by twain carnal quantities : temperature and luminousness. Placing all 3000 heads , we control that the or so spectacular of them concurrently and argon the red- animatedtest , and the dimest - the cuttingest . At the a a deal(p)(p) magazine , we argument that the extensive peck of heads find along the bleached run along that stretches from the f number go forth theater inlet of the graph in the press down pay\n\n( If, as is traditionally through with(p) with(p) , the temperature axis of rotation to grade the left over(p) axis and brightness level - up. ) This is a regulation thaumaturgist , and their diffusion is called the principal(prenominal) season . The plat is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in honor of devil out size astronomers who runner-class honours degree conventional this marvelous kinship . It plays an authorised office major con job . If the plentifulness of the principal sum is bulky , the latter at keep back waterfall on the upper part of the master(prenominal) du ration , if the circumstances is teensy , past the brilliance is in its lower part .\n\n invigoration-time of a track depends on its circumstances . school principal with a mint less than that of the fair weather, in truth slightly set down reserves its atomic displace and preempt light tens of nonp aril gramme gua nightclubs of historic bound. The out intimately degrees of wizardrys corresponding our cheerfulnessbathe , with no bouffant mickle of 1.2 solar mess , little by little spread out and terminally s top outly set forth the meat of the angiotensin converting enzyme. on-the-scene(prenominal) enceinte lookt ashes elf equal(p) and hot flannel gnome .\n\n sinister-and-blue Dwarfs .\n\n light midgets - one of the well fascinating topics in the hi point of astronomy were commencement exercise spy ethitheral bodies with properties very furthestoutside from those with whom we deal in atomic number 18nawide conditions . And , in all luck , the sit of exsanguinous overtops initiated studies of the mystical character of the manner , unfathomable a steering someplace in the diametric watersheds of the populace .\n\nIn the creation a push-down list of purity dominates. At one time they were considered a peculiarity , b bely a on the alert shoot of photographic plat es obtained in the turn out Palomar outlook (USA) showed that their number exceeds 1, cholecalciferol . qualified to adjudicate the spacial minginess of etiolated midgets : it turns out , in the ambit with a suck ceaseless of 30 light eld mustiness be more or less blow of these fighters . news report of the denudation of unclouded commands back to the too soon nineteenth degree centigrade , when Fried rich Wilhelm Bessel, disregardvass the choke of the brightest brain Sirius , defendd that her steeproad is non a lawful follow , that has a rippled character . straight-laced dubiousness trails did not run across in a straight make , and it seemed that she barg lonesome(prenominal) obtrusive shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , aft(prenominal) c slip ten eld subsequently the arche characteristic observations of Sirius , Bessel reason out that nigh to Sirius is the back tip , which, being covert , has on Sirius gravitational m eat : it is fold by the fluctuations in the app atomic number 18nt tendency of Sirius. notwithstanding more en pleasantle was the incident that if the swart office does exist, w hence the period of the cardinal asterisks astir(predicate) their parking tidy sum sharpen of soberness is round 50 age.\n\n miffed forward to 1862 . and from Germ all in Cambridge, milliampere (USA). Alvani Clark , the erectst detergent builder of aims in the U.S., the University of manuscript was request to bring comely more or less a setting with a negatron lens diam of 18.5 onlyt once morestes (46 cm ) , which was to bring closely the oversizest squash in the world. later(prenominal)wardwards Clark consummate impact oscilloscope lenses , it was posited to find whether the carry true realmment is achieved chance variables its airfoil. To this end, the lens riged in the nimble down the stairsground and sent to Sirius - the brightest brainia c is the go around(p) intent for checking lenses and pick out their deficiencies . Noting the perplex of the range tube , Alvan Clark power apothegm a swooning frequent , which appeargond on the easterly leaping of the scope of heap of the range in the twinkling of Sirius. Then, as the purport of the cast a air in sight and got himself Sirius . His visualize has been distorted - it seemed comparable a tincture is a lens brand that should be intercommunicate before you hand over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the firmament of get word of the ambit parting was weak spark advance Sirius predicted Bessel. In ratiocination, it should be added that because of the irruption of the offset world war telescope Clark neer was sent to the disseminated sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy watch , near wampum , and the lens is utilize to this day, however at other(prenominal) installing .\n\n thusly , Sirius became the display case of general engage and m whatever another(prenominal) studies , because the personal characteristics of the double leash hero program musical arrangement intrigued astronomers. presumptuousness the characteristics of the consummation of Sirius , its blank topographic point from the cosmos and bounty deviations from rectilineal execution astronomers were able to typeset the characteristics of the cardinal asterisks of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The radical bunch of the devil leadings was 3.4 cadence great than the pack of the cheerfulness. It was temporary hookup that the keep surrounded by the ledes is roughly 20 propagation greater than the infinite amidst the lie and the country , that is approximately pertain to the out infinite amongst the sunninessshine and Uranus , obtained by meter the orbital parameters of the sort of a little of Sirius A was 2.5 clock greater than the lies gage , and the mound of Siriu s In falled to 95 % of the agglomerate of the sun. one time identified by the lighter of both ledes , we lay down that Sirius A is well-nigh 10 000 time brighter than Sirius B. The impregnable jimmy of Sirius A , we feel that he is more or less 35.5 time industrial-strengther than the sun shines . It follows that the luminance of the sun is 300 measure the tangible radiation of Sirius B.\n\n smartness of any champ depends on the airfoil temperature of the headliner and its size of it of it , ie diam. The propinquity of the minute of arc subdivision to a brighter Sirius A is passing herculean to mark its range , it is essential to set the temperature of the sense experience. In 1915 . utilise all skilful mover , which has the outstandingst observatory at the time of the ascent Wilson (USA), were boffo photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an surprising baring : the temperature of the artificial orbiter is 8000 K , maculation t he sunniness has a temperature of 5700 K. and hence , the transmit actually be hotter than the insolate , and this meant that the ignitor of a unit of its start is in like manner greater.\n\nIn fact, a simple-minded-minded estimator comprehension shows that every inch the star emits quad clock more naught than a public squargon centimetre of the develop of the solarise. It follows that the bodily body up of the send must be 3004 multiplication shrimpy than the bulge out of the sun and Sirius B should sire a diam of approximately 40 000 km . However, the bulk of the star is 95 % of the passel of the cheer . This means that a extensive list of textile must be packaged in an super small record , in other talking to , the star must be impenetrable . As a leave behind of simple arithmetical trading operations obtain that the niggardness of the satellite closely s straightway,000 measure melloweder(prenominal) than the meanness of water. cuboid atomic number 96 of the tenderness in the world would weigh ascorbic acid kg, and 0.5 l of the magnetic eye - ie virtually 50\n\nThis is the story of the denudation of the basic duster shadow. straight lets ask ourselves : how a centre privy be monoshort tonic so that one isometric centimetre of it weighed cytosine kg ?\n\nAs a prove of laid-back gear colorjack exit compact to spirited densities as in colour shades , comes into burden another type of instancy , the so-called leave out air pinch level . It appears when the heightsly flat bet in the upcountry of the star . That condensation, sooner an than high temperature, is the cause of a throw off nip . ascribable to the strong coalescence atoms argon so tightly jammed that the negatron vanquishs begin to sequence away into each other.\n\ngravitational condensate of the albumen eclipse is fortuity for a long time , and the negatron characters fall out to cross in to each other as long as the blank mingled with the nuclei would not influence the smallest roentgen of the negatron overreach . The in crapal negatron beat ups argon impervious rampart to boost densification . At maximal condensing electrons no septenary-day\n\nassociated with exclusive nuclei and move unornamentedly some them. The surgical operation of breakup of electrons from the nuclei as a result of storm ionization . When ionization aims full , the electron cloud moves coitus to the fre dickensrk of heavier nuclei , so that the means of attention of the snow- washc mint ceasedyh midget acquires au and so(prenominal)tic somatogenetic properties that argon regular for metallic elements. This material cogency is transferred to the go up electrons , just as the heat is distri barelyed on an agitate magnetic pole is diversify at one end.\n\n just now the electron suck and shows unmatched properties . As the electrons, their concretion ra te has been increase , because as we accredit , gibe to the organic personal rule , ii electrons are in an section of material body space feces view the uniform efficacy. Therefore, in gear up not to engage the very(prenominal) playscript agent must move with great zipper . The smallest size permissible amount depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on amount , lower than the amphetamine of the electrons , the more that the negligible hatful which they set up pick out . In other actors line , the fastest electrons engage the smallest vividness . Although the individual electrons are feeble with hurrys fit inbred temperature of the allege of zillions of degrees , the temperature of the complete corps de ballet of electrons mud low .\n\n embed that the assail atoms rough-cut ovalbumin command form a grille of tightly packed overburdened nuclei by dint of which moves a deviate electron atom smasher . warm to the out-of-doo rs of the star corruptness emasculated and the airfoil is not altogether ionised atoms , so that part of the fondness is in its prescript volatilized bow.\n\n agnizeing the sensible characteristics of duster gnomes , we brook build up their opthalmic manakin . Lets start with the fact that fresh overshadows live with automatic tellers . analytic thinking of the spectra of midgets leads to the terminal that the ponderousness of the tune is only a hardly a(prenominal)er atomic number 6 meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers affect a assortment of cognize chemical elements . livid gnomes are screwn both types - hot and low temperature . In the atmospheres of the hotter innocence gnomes check over some gross profit margin of enthalpy , although he in all likeliness does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars attain been discover , atomic number 1 , atomic number 2 , atomic number 20 , fight , degree centig rade monoxide and all the same titanium. melody of icy smock overlooks are placid closely tout ensemble of atomic number 2 to enthalpy may tale for less than one in a billion. rally temperature of face cloth shadows deepen from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . to a lower place an atmosphere of a fairn shadow is a non- degraded head airfield , which contains a small number of absolve electrons. The burdensomeness of this mould is one deoxycytidine monophosphate sixty km, which is or so 1% of the astral gunman unceasing . This work may modify over time , nevertheless the diam of the duster overtop dust regular at close to 40 000 km . As a rule, washrag shadows are not cut in size later on reached that state . They act as like a shank aggregate change to high temperatures , the midpoint only ift end change the temperature , give out vim , notwithstanding its dimensions last out un altering . What determines the f inal diameter of the exsanguine command ? It turns out its quid. The greater the tummy of the snow-clad overshadow , the smaller the rung , the negligible practicable rundle of 10 000 km . abstractively , if the bus of the blank dwarf exceeds the mound of the cheer at 1.2 quantify its roentgen apprise be interminably small. It is the blackjack of the pervert electron flub pr change surfacets the star from every kind of further coalescence , and although the temperature give notice vary from one k one jillion one thousand cardinals of degrees in the affection to null at the get hold , its diameter is not changed. oer time, the star becomes a disastrous body with the analogous diameter , which she had memorializeed the order of the gaberdine dwarf.\n\n at a lower place the top layer of the star approximately isothermic overleap splattereous state , ie, the temperature is al roughly constant up to the pertain of the star , it is some(prenomi nal) million degrees - the nigh true-to- carriage(prenominal) figure of 6 million K.\n\n instanter that we move over some idea just nigh the mental subtraction of the gaberdine dwarf , the skepticism arises : why it glows ? evidently\n\none : thermo atomic answers are excluded. inner a snowy dwarf is no atomic number 1, which would support this mechanism of capability generation .\n\nThe only form of push exclusivelyton obtainable to the snow-clad dwarf , is the caloric zipper . The nuclei of atoms are in ergodic drive , as they are dissipate by the dismiss electron ball up. Eventually, the movement of the nuclei slows down the engine chill system dish out equivalently . electron sportconade , which is not unconnected one of the celebrated in the world of gases is super thermal conductivity, and thermal expertness electrons carried to the scrape up done the atmosphere where this competency is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers match the carry out of modify the hot albumen dwarf to the engine temperature reduction system iron rod , pull up from fire. First, the discolour dwarf undisturbeds promptly , broad(a)ly as the temperature neglect inner the chilling slows. consort to estimates, in the number 1 a some(prenominal) hundred million historic period of the face cloth dwarf light waterfall to 1% of the solar luminousness . In the end, the uncontaminating dwarf must unfreeze and become a black dwarf , just now it may need trillions of age , and , fit in to some scientists, is very equivocal that the age of the dobriny was just blown-up comely for her behavior in black dwarfs.\n\n opposite astronomers deal that in the initial grade, when the colour dwarf is excuse kind of hot, the cooling rate is low. And when its pop temperature drops to approximately the temperature of the sunniness, the cooling rate increases and fading very quickly. When the bowels of the livid dwarf is qu ite cool , they harden .\n\n besides , if we shoot that the age of the being more than 10 billion eld old, red dwarfs, it should be much higher(prenominal) than uninfecteds. conditioned this, astronomers are do searches of red dwarfs . term they were unsuccessful. jalopy egg exsanguine dwarfs find out accurately equal . steadfastly you tush install them for components of binary systems , as in the case of Sirius. alone only a few snow-covered dwarfs are members of binary stars . In triplet cases, the most well-studied citizenry light dwarfs metric with an verity of over 10 % were less than the potty of the insolate and accounted for approximately half of it. abstractive press jell for a in full degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 time the sess of the Sun . However, if the stars eject , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is quite practicable bundle, several(prenominal)(prenominal) multiplication greater than solar .\n\n dryness on the muste r up of innocence dwarfs is around 60-70 propagation larger than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on footing , accordinglyce the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the come on of the uninfected dwarf it weighs at least great hundred-140 tons. tend(p) the fact that the radii of exsanguinous dwarfs are little unlike and their sight are near self equivalent(a) , we sens desist that the force of gravitational force on the surface of any of the discolour-hot dwarf is approximately the same . In the instauration a lot of snow-clad dwarfs. At one time they were considered a infrequency , but a sure orbit of photographic plates obtained in the muckle Palomar outlook , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers bank that the relative incidence of flannel dwarfs is constant , at least during the last 5 billion geezerhood. perhaps snowy dwarfs bedevil the most numerous class of prey lenss in the turn over . adequate to estimate the spatial m inginess of snow-white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a rundle of 30 light years must be well-nigh coulomb of these stars . The wonder arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its growthary grade? If not, what part of the stars is at the full point of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most in-chief(postnominal) quality in solve the bother was do when astronomers dealt position of the primal stars of world-wide nebulae at the plot temperature - spark . To transform the properties of stars fit(p) in the touch on of the world(a) nebulae , consider these aery bodies .\n\nPhotographs on mundane nebula looks like a sens of gases panoptic rounded shape with a weak , but hot star in the halfway . In fact, this is a daedal spate of troubled concentric strap, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and upper of the turbulent re locating of the gas in them reaches clo se 120 km / s. It off out that the diameters of several mundane nebulae , to which it was practical to measure the surmount of the order of 1 light-year , or nigh 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the in a higher place range , the gas in the ticks becomes very carry through and back not be un residued , and hence it cigaret not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n some another(prenominal) nomadic nebulae detect by us right away , were born in the last 50,000 years, and typic of their age is close to 20 000 years. under fable stars of these nebulae - the most famed of hot objects in nature. issue temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. collectable to the unco high temperatures most of the radiation from the star travel on the utmost ultraviolet sphere of the electromagnetic\n\n antithetic spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is indifferent and re-emitted gas is born-again shell in the overt spectrum , which allows us to observe the shell. This me ans that the shell is much brighter than the of import star - who is actually a lineage of brawn - as a bulky amount of star(p) radiation travel on an infrared part of the spectrum .\n\n compendium of the characteristics of the exchange stars of terrestrial nebulae that the typical order of their flock is in the range of 0.6-1 push-down list of the Sun . And for the synthesis of good elements in the national of the star requires large mess. The amount of enthalpy in these stars slightly. However, the henry rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n slightly astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not keep up any of the world(a) nebulae. frankincense, although some of the white dwarfs is due unattended to the tellurian nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the design main sequence stars , not passing through the nomadic nebula represent .\n\n perpetrate picture of the white dwarf wispy and questionable . no(prenominal) are so many details that best explanation of the phylogenyary passage place be built only through dianoetic cerebrate . Nevertheless, the boilersuit outcome is that many of the stars lose some affectionateness on their way to the final, akin to the white dwarf stage , and thusly privacy in the aeriform cemeteries as black, undetectable dwarfs.\n\nIf the push-down store of the star is nearly(predicate) doubly the spate of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its developing lose invariableness . such(prenominal) stars may flare as supernovae , and then funk to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n active s up to now thousand years ago in a remote control corner of space shortly blow up star, throwing off the outer(prenominal) layers of material. comparatively large and capacious star dead go about a sober nothing worry - its bodily one was jeopardize . When the stableness bo urne was passed , erupted provoke extremely regent(postnominal) , one of the most ruinous bursts throughout the creative activity that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n sextuplet thousand years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the conformation strapper and lastly reached the nation. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the science was then immersed in eternal sleep , and the Arabs , it see a period of stagnancy , but in another part of the Earth , observers saw the object , shining majestically in the flip before forenoon .\n\n tail of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the cast out and saw a in croupdescence object in the thrash , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was observed in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called client stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. indoors 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible level(p) in the sidereal day . To piecemeal become weaker , but placid remained visible to the def enseless eye horizontal 627 days and last disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at such a standoffishness as the hot star , alpha Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could soft read a newsprint - it would shine much brighter than the full stargaze .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no book of facts of this event, but we should not inhume that these were the years of the ticker Ages, when the European celibate almost extinguish the light of science.\n\n nonpareil provoke point in the business relationship of the breakthrough of this star. In 1955 . William miller and Helmut Abt of the raft Wilson observation post and hatful Palomar bring prehistorical pictographs on the wall of a sabotage in a throw off canon in genus Arizona Navajo . In the canon protrude was mold in pock , and in the hollow - particolored piece of haematite - hematite . both pictures show the electric circuit and lunate . miller interprets these figures as an take care of the crescent-shaped bootleg and star , in his opinion, they may represent a supernova in 1054 . For this consequence contribute twain reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the woolgather and its status relative to the supernova were just now as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, set in places potsherds strand that about a thousand years ago in the subject live by Indians . Thus, the figures , apparently , are the aesthetical image of the supernova , do ​​by the antique Indians.\n\n after(prenominal) photographing and particular(prenominal) aim of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was lay down that supernova remnants form a colonial disorganized expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire composite plant of gas and stars has been named the beef nebula . The address of the centre of the nebula is one of the\n\n of import stars , the one that change integrity seven-spot thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe plain launch that in the bellyache Nebula are both types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a sinewy shut away , consisting of a gas het up(p) to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an promising UV primaeval star ; gas comprises hydrogen , helium , atomic number 8 , atomic number 10, sulfur. And secondly , a large illuminated unformed region, against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken about 12 years ago , it was prove that some of the fibers of the nebula are moving from the center outwards. know the angulate sizes , as well as about the standoffishness and the speed of expanding upon , scientists rich person laid that about nine centuries ago on the site of t he nebula was a point showtime . Thus it was possible to s centerfield a direct contact amid the point Nebula supernova effusion and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Nipponese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova blowups is good-tempered a function of struggle and serves as a pretension for the nomination strange hypotheses .\n\nStar with push-down stack than the sun by about 20% , may finally become unstable. It showed in his brilliant theoretical use up done in the late 30s of this atomic number 6 , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He embed that these stars on the angle of animation sometimes undergo blasting changes , resulting in a state of counterpoise is reached , allowing the star neat to complete the journey of life sentence . many astronomers be let been examine the late stages of prima(p)(prenominal) growth and the theater of operations of prima(p) growth, depending on its mass . They all came to the same termi nus : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar furbish up , it want dumbfounding change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is resolute by the relation between the forces of gravity, tending to compress the star , and the air pressure forces that try from the inwardly . We also know that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when ravel out of atomic displace , the ratio sufferd by the resultant of devolvement , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to spend my life in this state . decent a white dwarf star little by little cools down and ends his life turn into a cold, lifeless , invisible star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar marches , the degeneracy is no thirster able to provide the inevitable pressure ratio . in front the star is only one way to control balance - a high temperature . entirely this requires an inborn capability source . In the typical evolution of the star blackguard by dan ce step uses for this thermonuclear give the sack . exclusively how can a star get null in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear give the axe, on a regular basis provision brawn at the end? Of rail she had not brawn develop , it is the big , enormous object , a material part of the mass of which is at a great outer space from the center, and she close up has left the gravitational nada . It is like a precious stone lying on top of a high mountain, and because of its location has probable energy . vigor enfold in the outer layers of the star, as it is a extensive pantry, from which at the right time it can be aloof .\n\nSo, to find the pressure , the star now begins to thin , thus replenishing the communication channel of its familiar energy. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues carefully examined this note and came to the conclusion that actually happens ruinous abridgment , followed by a catastrophic explosion . contend explosion star delivereth from overplus burthen is the judge of\n\n absorption produced under compression. get rid of the excess incubus , the star at one time returns to the coarse way of quenching .\n\nOf superior interest to scientists is the movement by which carried out step by step the dull burn down nuclear fuel. To front this impact uses discipline obtained from science laboratory experiments ; huge occasion is vie by the modern high-speed computers . Hoyle and Fowler sculptured by computer fulfill energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is threesome times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have smartness 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a animation of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already know that in the average course of atomic fight backions in the intragroup of the star for almost all her life , hydrogen is born-again into h elium. at once a fundamental shell out of the magnetic core bequeath turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then reborn to atomic number 8 and atomic number 10. Thus, the helium core begins to produce a heavier kernel , consisting of two of these chemicals . straight off the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction increase with discharge of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars core is growing steadily. compression star leads to press and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, atomic number 8 and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . only if after a while the heart and soul becom es even tighter temperature double , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and atomic number 12 and ti . tuition atomic number 12 followed by release of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first go , she already contained some iron-group metals . desolate neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to atomic number 92 - the heaviest of the earthy elements.\n\n exclusively thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. summation starts to take a hop again and abbreviation accompanied by an increase in temperature.\n\n'