Synthesis of 4‐methylcyclohexene Essay Example for Free

Synthesis of 4methylcyclohexene EssayAbstract4-methylcyclohexanol was synthesized to 4-methylcyclohexene using vapor. 4-methylcyclohexanol was change to reflux and the subsequent distillation (4-methylcyclohexe) was collected. It was then purified using sodium chloride to separate products and an anhydrous solid was then added and filtered. The resolutioning product had a muss of 0.399 g and a portion yield of 41%. The product was positively identified and characterized as 4-methylcyclohexene via IR and Br2 assay.IntroductionTo synthesize 4-methylcyclohexene from 4-methylcyclohexanol the startle material can be dehydrated resulting in the desired compound. For dehydration to be possible the OH group on the 4-methylcyclohexene must first be converted into H2O by means of an acidulent-base reaction using a strong acid catalyst such as phosphorous acid and sulfuric acid. The H2O will then become the favored leaving group and digress on its own resulting in the formation of a carbocation in excess piddle. The water will nullify the acidic hydrogen on the carbocation producing the desired alkene as well as regenerating the acid catalyst (fig. 2). A time effective way to collect the 4-methylcyclohexene is to heat the reaction to reflux as it is taking place.This allows the product to be separated from the starting materials by means of the boiling point stochastic variable between the isolated alkene (101-102 C) and the starting alcohol (171-173 C). After the distillate is collected any impurities of water and phosphoric acid can be extracted by adding sodium chloride, drying the resulting organic layer with an anhydrous solid, andfiltration. IR of both the starting alcohol and the resulting alkene can be compared as a means of identification and characterization as well as a Br2 test to ensure the correct product was formed. execution and ObservationsA change of 4-methylcyclohexanol (1.5mL), 85% phosphoric acid (0.40mL), and six drops of concent rated sulfuric acid were heated to reflux. The mixture turned a dark brown upon reaction and darkened with exposure to heat. Initially the heat up temperature reached 190C but was then lowered and maintained within the range of 160-180C until the reaction mixture stopped boiling. The resulting distillate was collected and removed. The stillhead the distillate was collected in was then washed with sodium chloride (1.0ml) and the subsequent mixture was added to the product. This mixture was shaken and aqueous and organic layers were allowed to form. The aqueous layer was removed from the organic and the organic dried with anhydrous solid and filtered through a cotton-plugged pipet. The mass of the product as well as a percent yield was determined. An IR was taken and compared to the starting material as well as a Br2 test.Results and Calculations4-methylcyclohexanol starting mass 1.164 gactual 4-methylcyclohexene mass 0.399 g4-methylcyclohexanol breakwaterecular(a) weight = 114 g/m ol4-methylcyclohexene molecular weight = 96 g/molPercent yield calculations% yield = (actual yield/ theoretical yield) * degree Celsius%1.164 g 4-methylcyclohexanol * 1mol 4-methylcyclohexanol/114 g * 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexanol/ 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexene * 96 g/ 1 mol 4-methylcyclohexene = 0.980 g 4-methylcyclohexene (theoretical yield) 0.399 g/ 0.980 g = 0.407 * 100% = 40.7% = 41%Br2 test4-methylcyclohexene 140 drops to reach excess4-methylcyclohexanol 1 drop to reach excessDiscussion and ConclusionIn conclusion, 4-methylcyclohexene was successfully synthesized via dehydration from 4-methylcyclohexanol. This result was verify by comparing the IR spectra of both compounds as well as by performing a Br2 test. The IR spectra for the synthesized material lacked the broad O-H peak found in the spectra of the starting material and which is characteristic of a compound containing an alcohol as well as containing peaks for both sp2 and sp3 hybridized C-H groups, both of which are consiste nt with the stereochemistry of 4-methylcyclohexene.Moreover, the results of the Br2 test supported the positive characterization of the product as 4-methylcyclohexene. 140 drops Bromine were required until the compound turned red consistent with the chemistry of Bromine and the alkene forming 1,2dibromo4methylcyclohexane and explaining why the mixture remained colorless for so long. The product was synthesized with a decent to poor percent yield as evidenced by the 41%. This poor yield very likely was caused by the excess heat initially added to the reflux reaction, the result of which was charring and possibly by too much acid catalyst being added to the starting material.

Financial management Essay Example for Free

Financial management EssayQ1. What be the goals of pecuniary management?Ans.Financial management means maximation of economic welfargon of its shareowners. Maximization of economic welfare means maximation of riches of its shareholders. Shareholders wealth maximation is reflected in the market place treasure of the firms shares. Experts believe that, the goal of financial management is attained when it maximizes the market place of shares. There are two versions of the goals of financial management of the firm- Profit Maximization and Wealth Maximization. Profit maximizationProfit maximization is based on the cardinal rule of efficiency. Its goal is to maximize the returns with the best issue and price levels. A firms movement is evaluated in terms of gainability. Profit maximization is the conventional and narrow approach, which aims at maximizing the acquire of the concern. Allocation of resources and investors perception of the companys performance give notice be traced to the goal of profit maximization.Wealth maximizationThe term wealth means shareholders wealth or the wealth of the persons those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is those who are involved in the business concern. Wealth maximization is to a fault cognize as protect maximization or net present worth maximization. This objective is an universally trustworthy concept in the field of business. Wealth maximization is possible only when the company pursues policies that would increase the market look on of shares of the company. It has been accepted by the finance managers as it overcomes the limitations of profit maximization.The following arguments are in support of the superiority of wealth maximization over profit maximization * Wealth maximization is based on the concept of currency flows. Cash flows are a reality and not based on any subjective interpretation. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on any subjective interpretat ion. On the other hand, profit maximization is based on accounting profit and it also contains some subjective elements.* Wealth maximization considers time place of notes. Time value of funds translates silver flow occurring at different intents into a comparable value at zero period. In this operate, the quality of cash flow is considered critical in all decisions as it incorporates the chance associated with the cash flow stream. It finally crystallizes into the rate of return that allow inspire investors to part with their hard earned savings. Maximizing the wealth of the shareholders means net present value of the decisions implemented.Q2. let off the factors affecting Financial Plan.Ans. To help your organization succeed, you should develop a intent that needs to be followed. This applies to beginning the company, developing new product, creating a new department or any undertaking that affects the companys future. There are several factors that affect intend in an organization. To create an efficient plan, you need to register the factors involved in the planning process. Organizational planning is affected by many factors Priorities In almost companies, the precession is generating revenue, and this priority can sometimes interfere with the planning process of any project. When you start the planning process for any project, you need to assign each of the issues facing the company a priority rating.That priority rating go a delegacy determine what issues will sidetrack you from the planning of your project, and which issues can wait until the process is complete. conjunction Resources Having an idea and developing a plan for your company can help your company to grow and succeed, scarcely if the company does not have the resources to make the plan come together, it can stall progress. One of the premier(prenominal) steps to any planning process should be an evaluation of the resources necessary to complete the project, compared t o the resources the company has available. nigh of the resources to consider are finances, personnel, space requirements, access to materials and vendor relationships. Forecasting A company constantly should be forecasting to help prepare for changes in the marketplace.Forecasting sales revenues, materials equal, personnel costs and overhead costs can help a company plan for upcoming projects. Without accurate forecasting, it can be unmanageable to tell if the plan has any chance of success, if the company has the capabilities to pull off the plan and if the plan will help to strengthen the companys standing within the industry. For example, if your forecasting for the cost of goods has changed due to a sudden increase in material costs, then that can affect elements of your product roll-out plan, including projected profit and the long-term commitment you might need to make to a supplier to try to get the low price possible. Contingency Planning To successfully plan, an organ ization needs to have a contingency plan in place. If the company has decided to pursue a new product line, there needs to be a part of the plan that addresses the possibility that the product line will fail.Q3. Explain the time value of money.Ans.Money has time value. A rupee today is more valuable than a year hence. It is on this concept the time value of money is based. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is super vital in financial decision fashioning. Most financial decisions such as the purchase of assets or procurement of funds, affect the firms cash flows in different time periods. For example, if a quick-frozen asset is purchased, it will require an immediate cash outlay and will generate cash flows during many future periods. Similarly if the firm borrows funds from a bank or from any other source, it receives cash and commits an obligation to pay interest and repay principal in future periods. The firm may also raise funds by issuing uprightness shares . The firms cash balance will increase at the time shares are issued, but as the firm pays dividends in future, the outflow of cash will occur. Sound decision-making requires that the cash flows which a firm is expected to give up over period should be logically comparable. In fact, the absolute cash flows which differ in timing and risk are not directly comparable.Cash flows become logically comparable when they are appropriately adjusted for their differences in timing and risk. The recognition of the time value of money and risk is extremely vital in financial decision-making. If the timing and risk of cash flows is not considered, the firm may make decisions which may allow it to overlook its objective of maximizing the owners welfare. The welfare of owners would be maximized when Net Present Value is created from making a financial decision. It is thus, time value concept which is important for financial decisions.Thus, we conclude that time value of money is central to the co ncept of finance. It recognizes that the value of money is different at different points a of time. Since money can be put to productive use, its value is different depending upon when it is received or paid. In simpler terms, the value of a certain amount of money today is more valuable than its value tomorrow. It is not because of the distrust involved with time but purely on account of timing. The difference in the value of money today and tomorrow is referred as time value of money.Q6. What are the assumptions of MM approach?Ans.Modigliani Millar approach, popularly known as the MM approach is similar to the Net in operation(p) income approach. The MM approach favors the Net operating income approach and agrees with the fact that the cost of bully is independent of the degree of leverage and at any cock of debt-equity proportions. The significance of this MM approach is that it provides operational or behavioral exculpation for constant cost of capital at any degree of leve rage. Whereas, the net operating income approach does not provide operational justification for independence of the companys cost of capital.Basic Propositions of MM approach1. At any degree of leverage, the companys overall cost of capital (ko) and the Value of the firm (V) remains constant. This means that it is independent of the capital structure. The total value can be obtained by capitalizing the operating earnings stream that is expected in future, displaceed at an appropriate discount rate suitable for the risk undertaken.2. The cost of capital (ke) equals the capitalization rate of a pure equity stream and a premium for financial risk. This is equal to the difference between the pure equity capitalization rate and ki times the debt-equity ratio.3. The minimum cut-off rate for the purpose of capital investments is fully independent of the way in which a project is financed.Assumptions of MM approach1. Capital markets are perfect. 2. All investors have the alike expectatio n of the companys net operating income for the purpose of evaluating the value of the firm. 3. Within similar operating environments, the business risk is equal among all firms. 4. 100% dividend payout ratio. 5. An assumption of no taxes was there earlier, which has been removed.Limitations of MM hypothesis1. Investors would find the personalised leverage inconvenient. 2. The risk perception of corporate and personal leverage may be different. 3. Arbitrage process cannot be smooth due the institutional restrictions. 4. Arbitrage process would also be affected by the transaction costs. 5. The corporate leverage and personal leverage are not perfect substitutes. 6. Corporate taxes do exist. However, the assumption of no taxes has been removed later.

What caused the dust bowl Essay Example for Free

What caused the dust bowl EssayIn 1803, Pre billetnt Thomas Jefferson purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase stretched from the disseminated multiple sclerosis River to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to New Orleans, and it doubled the size of the United States and there was more to go. Thanks to the Louisiana purchased U.S. has gotten a better geographic, economic, social, and political stable. There was more land for the population to stretch out. More gold to be mine. Better education for the poverty. And finally there are the Democratic and Republican parties that change the political side of view.To begin the main thing that changed the U.S. when Louisiana was purchased was the new geographic of U.S. This was a really good thing for farmers and agriculture, and a lot of settlers found opportunities in the new land. There were more states for large number to move into them. besides another good thing wa s that there were more railroads for transportation. One negative fact about people going to the west was that the Native Americans were losing their territory, and fighting each other for the least territory there was left. other terrific victory about the Louisiana Purchase was the boost of economic that was improving. There were so umteen things happening at the same time when people were moving to the west. There were separate of inventions being do like the Steamboat, the Telegraph, the Steam Locomotive and many more.Another good thing that helps the economic was the gold the boot in California 1841. Also industrialization bear on the economic because goods began to be machine made quite an than hand made. And finally there was the agriculture economic were there was lots of plantation of cotton and lots of invention for the farmers. Finally the westward expansion affected the U.S. in political views. One thing that U.S. got affected politically was that later on comes the civil war when states try to separate. Another way was slaves tried to escape valve from their owners. Also during that time Andrew Jackson becomes president. Andrew became a famous president by not following rules like the constitution and by adding Florida to the U.S. Finally the Democratic and Republican parties are invented.

The Role of RNA Polymerase and the Death Cap Mushroom Essay Example for Free

The Role of RNA Polymerase and the wipeout Cap mushroom cloud EssayBeing a health c be worker, the role of how substances affect the consistence are always fascinating and intriguing. The role of the Death Cap Mushroom, which is appropriately named, is one that is simple scarce can have fatal implications. In Britain, the Death Cap Mushroom is attri furthered to 75% of all fatalities that are caused by ingesting mushrooms (Kibby, 2006). These are deaths that are certainly avoidable, but yet continue to happen. The Death Cap Mushroom scientific name is the Amanita phallodes. When it is ingested, it causes a deadly reaction in the human beings organic structure. The major toxin chemical mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II in DNA reproduction. The reason this becomes deadly is that this is a vital enzyme in the synthesis of the messenger RNA and without it, protein synthesis cannot happen and new cell production ceases. (Karlson-Stiber C, Persson, H (2003). When the human body is no longer able to recreate the template for new cell reproduction, the old cells go past and new ones can no longer be reproduced and this quickly causes system failure in the body and the organs begin to fail rapidly. Due to the onset of symptoms taking between 12 and 30 hours to be visible, the damage has already taken place and is irreparable and can quickly lead to death. (Elpel, T (2011).The two vital organs that are affected first are usually the liver and the kidneys. This can quickly become a life threatening process. Although there is no cure for the toxicity, it has been treated with large doses of penicillin and Vitamin C, but there this is not a proven treatment and the only prevention of the ingestion of these mushrooms is safe. In well-nigh cases, if the person actually survives, a liver transplant would be needed to allow the person to live. tuition on how deadly ingesting the Death Cap mushroom is sorely needed to prevent the unnecessary death s that it causes all(prenominal) year.References1.Kibby, Guide to mushrooms of Britain and Europe, Octopus Publishing, (2006) 2.Karlson-Striber C, Persson, H, (2003)Cyto toxic fungioverview-Toxic 3.Elpel, T (2011) Amanitaeac The Deadly Amanita Family

Direct and Online Marketing - the New Marketing Model Essay Example for Free

Direct and Online Marketing the New Marketing instance EssayI. INTRODUCTIONWith the growth of the profits community and the limitless possibilities the Internet gives to the single handlingr, it didnt take yearn before nighone realized that the World Wide electronic network is a really good center for the commercial entrepreneur. So, very quickly the online market was born, offering almost all kinds of goods to be purchased and acquainted to your door. This new online star was called electronic commerce, or ecommerce.E-commerce is a complex term referring to the move of selling and buying products and go oer the Internet or early(a) electronic arrangings. Considered as the gross revenue aspect of the e- business sector, the electronic commerce has revolutionized affair as a routine activity for the contemporary man by bringing the market locating to your home base or the office, thus saving you time and efforts.The development of e-commerce has given birth to ne w terms such(prenominal) as electronic funds transfer, online transaction processing, electronic selective in castation interchange (EDI), Internet merchandising, automated data collection systems, etc. They all designate certain key components of the sophisticated e-commerce system.The majority of processes running at heart the e-commerce system argon carried out on the World Wide Web. It is on the web where goods and services be presented through variously designed e-commerce websites to match the taste of a incident target audience. From there nodes toilette order the desired items and pay for them in a variety of supported e-payment options such as opinion cards, PayPal, etc. Certain e-commerce operations atomic number 18 executed via email as well. These may include send order placement confirmations or electronic invoice notifications to the buyers personal mailbox after a particular purchase.Depending on the nature of the offered products and services, ecommerce oper ations may involve virtual and physical items. Due to the increasing use of the Internet in our daily lives, the percentage of the virtual items distributed through ecommerce is fastly growing. These include services ilk buying admission to limited access websites or electronic versions of newspapers and magazines, online gaming, etc. Nevertheless, the majority of e-commerce transactions are still related to the purchase and transportation of physical items.As far as the parties involved in the online transaction process are concerned, ecommerce bottom be thought of as being business-to-consumer, more(prenominal) best-selling(predicate) as B2C, and business-to-business, besides kn experience as B2B. The B2C ecommerce, conducted between business entities and consumers, includes all online stores (e-shops) offering retail products and services to end nodes such as flower stores, shoe stores, furniture stores, etc. The B2B commerce, on the other hand, takes place between busines s entities precisely, such as wholesalers and retailers, on not that widely popular web stores.The rapid expansion of ecommerce has made it possible for almost all big retail companies to set up their own online stores with on a regular basis updated content. Thus, it is now easier than ever to obtain an item from the latest collection of your favorite clothes brand, or be among the first to take advantage of a starting clearance campaign. Moreover, the ecommerce fashion is gradually infecting littler retail companies, which find it as a good chance to expand their reach to potential customers and gain the selling volumes. This trend is stimulated by the attractive low-cost ecommerce hosting services offered by antithetical hosts on the web.II. ONLINE MARKETINGOnline trade, also known as online advertisement, internet market, online marketing or e-marketing, is the marketing and promotion of products or services over the Internet. Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web to deliver marketing messages to attract customers.TYPES OF ONLINE MARKETING* Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the profile of a website or a web varlet in a chase locomotives natural or un-paid (organic) attempt conduces. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the look for results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engines exploiters. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines.As an Internet marketing strategy, SEO considers how search engines work, what hatful search for, the actual search terms or keywords typed into search engines and which search engines are preferred by their targeted audience. Optimizing a website may involve editing its content, HTML and associated coding to some(prenomina l) increase its relevance to specific keywords and to remove barriers to the indexing activities of search engines. Promoting a site to increase the minute of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic. The plural of the abbreviation SEO back tooth refer to search engine optimizers, those who add SEO service.* Pay-Per-Click denote (also called cost per click) is an Internet advertising model employ to direct traffic to websites, where advertisers pay the publisher (typically a website owner) when the ad is clicked. With search engines, advertisers typically bid on keyword phrases relevant to their target market. Content sites commonly charge a fixed price per click rather than use a bidding system. PPC viewing advertisements, also known as pennon ads, are shown on web sites or search engine results with related content that have agreed to show ads. In contrast to the generalized portal, which seeks to drive a high volume of traffic to one site, PPC implements the so- called affiliate model that provides purchase opportunities wherever heap may be surfing.It does this by offering financial incentives (in the form of a percentage of revenue) to affiliated coadjutor sites. The affiliates provide purchase-point click-through to the merchant. It is a pay-for-performance model If an affiliate does not generate sales, it represents no cost to the merchant. Variations include banner exchange, pay-per-click, and revenue sharing programs. Websites that utilize PPC ads will pageant an advertisement when a keyword query matches an advertisers keyword list, or when a content site displays relevant content.Such advertisements are called sponsored links or sponsored ads, and appear adjacent to, above, or beneath organic results on search engine results pages, or anywhere a web developer chooses on a content site. Among PPC providers, Google AdWords, Yahoo Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter utilise to be the 3 capaciousst network operators, and all three operate under a bid-based model.In 2010, Yahoo and Microsoft launched their combined effort against Google and Microsofts Bing began to be the search engine that Yahoo used to provide its search results. Since they joined forces, their PPC platform was renamed AdCenter. Their combined network of third ships alliance sites that allow AdCenter ads to populate banner and text edition ads on their site is called BingAds. The PPC advertising model is open to execration through click fraud, although Google and others have implemented automated systems to guard against abusive clicks by competitors or round-shouldered web developers.* Email Marketing is directly marketing a commercial message to a conference of people using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or flowing customer could be considered email marketing. It usually involves using email to send ads, request business, or pray sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust, or brand awareness. Email marketing can be guide to either cold lists or catamenia customer database.Broadly, the term is usually used to refer to * direct email messages with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers, to countenance customer loyalty and repeat business, * Sending email messages with the purpose of acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, * Adding advertisements to email messages sent by other companies to their customers Researchers estimate that United States firms alone spent US $1.51 billion on email marketing in 2011 and will grow to $2.468 billion by 2016.* harmonise Marketing is a type of performance-based marketing in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer broughtabout by the affiliates own marketing efforts. The industry has intravenous feeding core players the merchant (also known as retailer or brand), the network (th at contains offers for the affiliate to choose from and also takes care of the payments), the publisher (also known as the affiliate), and the customer. The market has grown in complexity to warrant a secondary tier of players, including affiliate management agencies, super-affiliates and specialized third party vendors. Affiliate marketing overlaps with other Internet marketing methods to some degree, because affiliates often use regular advertising methods. Those methods include organic search engine optimization (SEO), paid search engine marketing (PPC Pay Per Click), e-mail marketing, and in some sense display advertising.On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner. Affiliate marketing is commonly confused with referral marketing, as both forms of marketing use third parties to drive sales to the retailer. However, both are hard-hitting forms of marketing and the main difference b etween them is that affiliate marketing relies purely on financial motivations to drive sales while referral marketing relies on trust and personal relationships to drive sales. Affiliate marketing is frequently overlooked by advertisers. While search engines, e-mail, and website syndication capture frequently of the attention of online retailers, affiliate marketing carries a much lower profile. Still, affiliates rest to play a significant role in e-retailers marketing strategies.* Display Advertising is a type of advertising that typically contains text (i.e., copy), logos, photographs or other images, location maps, and similar items. In periodicals, display advertising can appear on the same page as, or on the page adjacent to, general editorial content. In contrast, classified advertising generally appears in a distinct section, was traditionally text-only, and was available in a limited selection of typefaces. Display advertisements are not necessitate to contain images, au dio, or video Textual advertisements are also used where text may be more appropriate or more efficient. An congresswoman of textual advertisements is commercial messages sent to mobile stratagem substance abusers, or email. One common form of display advertising involves billboards. Posters, fliers, transit cards, tents, scale models are examples of display advertising.. Display advertising appears on web pages in many forms, including web banners. Banner ad standards continue to evolve.* Blogging. A weblog, also called a blog, is a journal that is maintained by a blogger and contains learning that is straightaway published to their blog website. Blogging is a very popular activity. The number of online users creating and maintaining blogs has increased dramatically over the late(prenominal) year. The number Internet users who read these blogs has also shot up, with some blogs boasting thousands, even millions of daily commit readers. Blog marketing is any process that publi cizes or advertises a website, business, brand or service via the middling of blogs. This includes, but is not limited to marketing via ads placed on blogs, recommendations and reviews by the blogger, promotion via entries on third party blogs and cross-syndication of information across multiple blogs.* Community Building. An online community is a virtual community that exists online and whose members modify its existence through taking part in membership ritual. An online community can take the form of an information system where anyone can post content, such as a Bulletin board system or one where only a restricted number of people can initiate posts, such as Weblogs. Online communities have also become a supplemental form of communication between people who know each other primarily in real life. Many means are used in social separately or in combination, including text-based chat rooms and forums that use voice, video text or avatars. Significant socio-technical change may hav e resulted from the proliferation of such Internet-based social networks.* Social Media Marketing refers to the process of gaining website traffic or attention through social media sites. Social media marketing programs usually center on efforts to create content that attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. A corporate message spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it appears to come from a trusted, third-party source, as opposed to the brand or company itself. Hence, this form of marketing is driven by grape vine, meaning it results in earned media rather than paid media. Social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with internet access. Increased communication for organizations fosters brand awareness and often, improved customer service.Additionally, social media serves as a relatively inexpensive platform for organizations to implement marketing campaigns. Social media marketing involves the use of social networks, COBRAs and eWOM to successfully advertise online. Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter provide advertisers with information about the wish wells and dis exchangeables of their consumers. This technique is crucial, as it provides the businesses with a target audience. With social networks, information relevant to the users likes is available to businesses who then advertise accordingly. Consumers online brand related activities (COBRAs) is another method used by advertisers to promote their products.An activity such as uploading a picture of your new Converse sneakers to Facebook is an example of a COBRA. Another technique for social media marketing is electronic word of mouth (eWOM). Electronic recommendations and appraisals are a convenient manner to have a product promoted via consumer-to-consumer interactions. An example of eWOM would be an online hotel review the hotel company can have two possible outcomes based on their service. A good service would result in a controlling review which gets the hotel free advertisement via social media however a poor service will result in a negative consumer review which can potentially ill-use the companys reputation.ADVANTAGE OF ONLINE MARKETINGThese are some of the many advantages that online marketing offers over traditional media outlets1. Reduced terms The starting cost of online marketing is only a fraction of the thousands of dollars that Yellow Pages, television and radio ads cost. For example, you can get a free listing on Google Local that will be just as effective as a costly online Yellow Pages ad. In addition, while traditional ads may only run for a short time, a search engine optimization campaign can deliver long-term results. You can also save money with online Pay-Per-Click advertising where it is easy to experiment with small ad volumes until you perfect your strategy and then expand your marketing budget when you are assured of a positive sales return.2. Everyth ing Is Measurable When you place an ad in the newspaper or a magazine, it can be difficult to assess the direct sales impact for your business. With online marketing, everything can be tracked and illustrated in circumstantial graphs that illustrate traffic growth, leads and sales metempsychosiss from your specific search marketing campaigns. Using a free traffic analysis tool like Google Analytics, it is easy to calculate your return on coronation (ROI) so you can appreciate the excellent value generated from your online marketing budget.3. Brand Engagement In the crowded market, you need to kick in and maintain positive brand awareness and client loyalty. Apart from word-of-mouth and leveraging your personal relationships with your established clients, a website is the most important marketing tool a business can have. A regularly updated website with well-written content that maintains peoples interest is essential to showing people exactly how your business is typical and how you offer the best value to your clients.4. Demographic Targeting The degree to which an online marketing campaign can target and metre the response from specific demographics and regions is often astonishing to business owners who normally use traditional media. New demographic prediction and online advertising platforms allow you to specifically target the specific consumer demographics most likely to buy your products. In particular, if you want to target young people between the ages of 16-30, youll need an online marketing strategy to reach them where they cast the bulk of their time On the Internet and on social media sites.5. Real-Time Results With online marketing you dont have to wait weeks to see a significant boost in your business. With a paid search marketing campaign you can experience real-time results that enable you to fine-tune your marketing message to acquire your desired effect. If your marketing strategy isnt working effectively, real-time monitoring to ols allow you to easily pin-point exactly where you are going wrong.6. Easily Refine Your Strategy Using online marketing analytics and tracking tools you can test conversion rates at a fraction of the cost of a traditional media campaign. Online marketing levels the playing athletic field and allows agreement small businesses to compete in competitive niches that previously would only be open to large corporations and their massive marketing budgets. If your marketing strategy is not bringing in the return on investment (ROI) that you desire, you can work to perfect it without having to launch an expensive new campaign as would be postulate with most traditional media outlets.7. Long-Term Exposure The benefit of an organic search marketing campaign that optimizes a website for specific keywords is that you will achieve a long-term return on your investment. Once your websites visibility is well-established with search engines, it is easy to do regular low-cost maintenance of you r strategy. The early adopters of new online marketing platforms like social media marketing will have a significant head start over their competition.8. point of intersection Information Todays savvy consumers want to compare reviews and opinions of friends, trusted bloggers and industry experts before they make a decision. If you can provide quality, linkable information that is what people are looking for, then the next timber of converting users into paying clients can be very easy. With social media networks like Facebook and Twitter re-enforcing the value of positive word-of-mouth exposure, trust is more important than ever in the marketing field.9. Less Intrusive Most savvy consumers dislike intrusive traditional marketing methods like direct mailing, print ads and television advertisements. When someone buys a newspaper or magazine, they want to read interesting articles not be bombarded with irrelevant ads. While mediums like television can still be useful for maintaining awareness of large corporate brands, it is not an effective medium for most small and medium-size businesses. With online marketing, you can target consumers precisely when they are searching for products and services that your business can provide.10. Holds Their Attention When people read the newspaper or a magazine they may behold over the advertisements beside the article but there is no way to engage their attention. With online marketing you can encourage them to take action, visit your website and read about your products and services which results in vastly increased stickiness of your marketing message.

Leadership Styles Management Essay Example for Free

leading Styles Management Essay Production-centered managers mess rigid employment standards, organized asks down to the cobblers last detail, prescribed work methods o be followed and closely supervised their subordinates work Employee-centered managers encouraged subordinate employment in goal setting and in other work decisions and helped ensure racy cognitive operation by inspiring trust and respect roughly effective leadershipMost effective leaders were those who had supporting relationships with their subordinates, tended to use group rather than individual decision making, and encouraged their subordinates to set and achieve high performance goals. Managerial Grid (Blake and Mouton Studies)developed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton identifies 5 different types of management behaviors found on the various ways that task-oriented and employee-oriented moods can interact with each otherStyle 1,1 (impoverished management) low business for people, low concern for t asks or performance laissez-faire management leader abdicates his or her leadership occasionStyle 1,9 (country club management) high concern for employees, low concern for tasksStyle 9,1 (task or authoritarian management) high concern for production and efficiency, low concern for employeesStyle 5,5 (middle-of-the-road management) an intermediate amount of concern for both production and employee satisfactionStyle 9,9 ( team or democratic management) high concern for both production and employee morale and satisfaction most effective leadership behaviorHi. Alam kong FC ako sa ginagawa ko pero di ko na talaga matiis eh. Haha. Sorry kung na-intrude ko ang privacy mo dito sa FB. Masyado lang kasi akong na-mesmerized dun sa story mong ICH Book 1. Di ko nga alam kung gagamit ako ng po at opo o tatawagin kitang Ate habang tinatype ko to.Haha. Kahit hindi ako nagcocomment sa updates mo (sorry po, tinatamad kasi akong gumawa ng account doon D), gusto ko lang sabihin na nagustuhan k o yung plot ng story mo at grabe ang kaba ko habang papalapit na ako sa ending.Kahit ending na sya, naramdaman ko pa rin yung thrill. Hindi nakakasawang ulit-ulitin. Noon pa, curious na talaga ako sa identity mo pero may hint na ako na sa UP ka nag-aaral dahil dun sa jeepney ekek na nasabi mo. 3 Curiousity killed the cat but satisfaction brought it back. Wala lungs trip ko lang po isingit to. Mehehehe. Nakita ko po kasi yung link para sa FB account mo kaya ni-click ko na. XD First term kong mag-message sa isang writer ng story kaya pagpasensyahan mo na ako kung mukhang walang sense itong na-type kong message. Wahaha. Yun lang, byebye. =) FC ako, SORRY po ulet. )))) System 4 ManagementRensis Likert, incorporating the basic style categories of task orientation and employee orientation, devised his own model of management effectiveness.Four Leadership SystemsSystem 1characterized as exploitive and authoritativeManagers make all work-related decisions and order their subordinates to ca rry them out. misery to meet the managers goals results in threats or punishments. Managers score little trust or confidence in subordinates.Subordinates business the managers.System 2benevolent authoritativeSubordinates who meet or exceed the managers goals may be rewarded. Managers have a condescending attitude toward their subordinates and subordinates ar cautious when dealing with their managers.System 3consultativeManagers set goals and issue general orders after discussing them with subordinates. Subordinates can make their own decisions about how to carry out their ttasks. Rewards are used to motivate subordinates.Subordinates feel free to discuss most work-related matters with their managers, who, in turn, feel that to a bouffant extent subordinates can be trusted to carry out their tasks properly.System 4participativeLikerts final and most favored management styleGoals are set and work-related decisions are made by group.To motivate subordinates, managers not only use economic rewards but also try to give their subordinates feelings of worth and importance proceeding standards exist to permit self-appraisal by subordinates, rather than to provide managers with a tool to control subordinates. Interaction amidst managers and subordinates is frank, friendly, and trusting.Low productivity Systems 1 and 2 stylesHigh productivity Consultative or Participative leadership style System 4 management desirable management in a wide variety of work situationsHigh in consideratenessLowest turnover ratesHighest employee satisfactionLow in considerationHigh in initiating structtureHigh grievance and turnover rates

The History Of Bitumen Engineering Essay

The History Of Bitumen Engineering EssayBitumen is described as man softs oldest engineering science material. This fact is support by almost evidence. Back at the m, nearly 3000 years BC, the Sumerians in Mesopotamia utilise bitumen to fasten ivory or pearl into the eye sockets of their statues. They likewise sculptured votive offerings which the mixture of their sculpture is originally from bitumen and clay.From the finding, it is prove that some thousand years later, bitumen was macrocosm use by the early Babylonians as a building material because of its properties as a cement and water proofing agent. Later, bitumen became the standard material and being used in civil engineering and architectural projects to hold bricks and stones together which used to line drains, watercourses and element storage. It was also being used to create damp courses and seal the flat roofs of the houses in the same way as it is used today. It is also authorized in paving (Ask.com, 21 Dec 2 010).Other Evidence found that, rough 600 BC King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon rebuilt the city wall, which he intends to restrain the water of the Euphrates with incineratet bricks and bitumen because the old wall which is make of dried clay bricks had failed to keep the waters at the bay. The Babylonians had developed a technique using tier of bricks, bitumen and clay which they reinforced with reed for construction purposes. The musical arrangement was so successful whereas they were subject to build towers up to twelve storeys mettlesome. The evidence is proven when archeologists excavating the site of the ancient city and they found traces that bitumen had been used for the construction of the building. rather of using bitumen for construction, the reason why bitumen was widely used in this argona was its avail top executive in discordant somas. It faecal matter be found in certain places where we bear find it easily. It was also available as a solid material in the for m of bituminous limestone, which was used as the basis for shrimpy carvings. Because of its availability, bitumen has taken parts in many great legends of Biblical and pre-Biblical times. It is said that, bitumen has being used in the building of the Tower of Babel and for the waterproofing of Noahs Ark and Moses wicker basket (Zayn Bilkadi, Dec 1984).The Romans used bitumen for medicinal purposes whereas they use bitumen for preventing and band a number of ailments including b contestation oils, to a faultthache and ringworm. Meanwhile, Roman ladies used bitumen for cosmetic purposes whereas they used bitumen as a direction of beautifying their eyebrows. Bitumen also was being used for maritime usage whereas Christopher Columbus and Sir Walter Raleigh found that the lakes of pave in Trinidad be useful for re-caulking their ships for the return voyage. Apart from maritime usage, bitumen was used mainly for medicinal, cosmetic and crop certificate purposes.On the another(pren ominal) pass away, the German metallurgist Georg Agricola was writing in the early part of the sixteenth atomic number 6 that Bitumen is dod from mineral waters containing oil, also from liquid bitumen and from rocks containing bitumen. Liquid bitumen sometimes floats in full-grown quantities on the get hold of wells, brooks and rivers and is collected with buckets or other pots. Small quantities are collected by means of feathers, linen towels and the bid. The bitumen easily adheres to these objects and is collected in big copper or iron vessels and the fall downer fractions evaporated by modify. The proportion oil is used for opposite purposes and some people mix it with pitch, others with used axle oil to make it thicker.On the other hand, the entry for bitumen in Blounts G issueary published in 1656 defined it as a kind of clay or slime indwellingly clammy, like pitch, growing in some countries of Asia. By the put of the nineteenth century, the usage of bitumen for the road construction is to solve the problem of the dust raised by the horse-drawn traffic in towns. The availability of supply of maw from local sear-gas works led to the use of tar for treating streets and sidewalks. They started to realize the measurable of streets and road which would lead to the unimagined standard of smoothness and enduringness for the elements needed for their knowledgeability in the future. Rock mineral pitch and the Trinidad Lake were the sources of bitumen first used to bind mixtures of aggregates in road building in the modern style. (Asphalt Origin,)Nowadays, a half-sizing scale of high quality bitumen suffer be exploited from rock oil which is a readily available source of low cost. The returnion of bitumen grew with the rise of the motorcar and the universal supplicate for paved highways. The proportion of bitumen which is resulted from oil discolor refining whereas lead that today most bitumen sources is from the distillation of boister ous petroleum oil. (BP , 2010).2.2 BitumenBitumen is a versatile material that is widely used in civil engineering. Bitumen is a mixture of extreme liquid that are black, oily, highly viscous that is a naturally occurring organic product by product of decomposed organic materials. This basically consists of hydrocarbons ,carbon hydrogen the rest becomes oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and trace the various metals such as nickel, vanadium, lead, chromium, quicksilver and also arsenic, selenium and other toxic elements. Bitumen deal provide good preservation of plants and animal fossils.Bitumen and asphalt is cardinal different things. In American asphalt used to mean bitumen but outside American asphalt refers to the mixture of bitumen and aggregate laid as a road issue.HTOPEKBitumen Definition_filesBitumenInBeaker2.gifFigure 2.1 Bitumen2.3 Sources of bitumenBitumen can be derived from different display movement of sources. It occurs naturally, but for most occasions, the world relie s on petroleum for the supplies of bitumen. The bitumen consists of crude petroleum oil that normally varies between 25% and 40%, but subject of crude oil can vary between 15% and 80% (BP 2010). There are three categorization for crude oil bitumen that is bitumen establishd, paraffin based or bitumen and paraffin based.Bitumen present in the form of colloidal dispersion or in a true solution based on the type of crude petroleum oil. In the refining care for, the proportion of oil to bitumen members changes because of petroleum oil is taken away by distillation. Relatively in few numbers, this particle become closer to one a nonher and their size increase when it is dispersed.At the time the distillation demonstrate stopped, the petroleum becomes a colloidal dispersion of black solid known as asphaltenes. This asphaltenes are dispersed in an oily brown yellow liquid, known as the maltenes fraction. It also answer as a stabilizing agent to keep the asphaltenes in suspension are another classify of hydrocarbon known as resins.Normally bitumen is found in a few forms, from the hard, easily crumbled bitumen in rock asphalt to the softer, more viscous material found in tar sands and so-called asphalt lakes. It is normally consist of varying proportions of mineral and vegetable impurities that need to be extracted before in can be used as engineering material. Bitumen also can be found as asphaltite. It is natural bitumen without an impurity that varies in the standard the asphaltite can be dissolve in carbon disulphide. Natural petroleum like bitumen naturally occurs as the result from the redundant de report cards of marine debris.After thousands of years it has been move done porous rock such as limestone and sandstone often by volcanic action. In certain areas renowned for their petroleum resources, like in the Middle East, semi fluid bitumen can be found sludge out of fissures near alive(p) spring or seeping out of the ground. Rock asphalt, it is mo re expensive to move around and to process. This is because its variable and relative low circumscribe of bitumen and tends to be found away from the places where bitumen needed.It is important to distinguish between bitumen and coal tar. Even though coal tar is black and viscous like bitumen, it is obtained from the carbonization of coal that why it is very different chemical properties. Many part of the world in engineering project, from the construction of transcontinental highways to the waterproofing of flat roof turn ups, depending on the specific spirit of asphalt. oil crude oil processed by the industry to provide all but a small part of this material is important.(BP, 2010)2.4 Manufacturing processManufacturing of bitumen consist of three processes which is refinery process, storage and dispersal.2.4.1 Refinery processIn oil refinery process, the crude oil is divided into different groups based on their boiling range. The first stage of refinery process is atmospheri c distillation. In this process the crude oil is heated approximately 3000 C to 3500 C and the more volatilisable components in the crude oil such as petrol and kerosene are distilled off. Residue from this process called atmosphere residue, which is need further distilled under vanity. Because of the applied vacuum, the effective distillation point is 5000 C 5600 C. this vacuum distillation process produce more volatile products called as vacuum distillates and leaves vacuum residue which is a non volatile residue of high viscosity.Based on the crude oil origin, the vacuum residue can be used directly as bitumen and for some cases of crude oil it necessarily additional process to meet certain specification such as send blowing of the residue. To ensure consistent product, the air blowing needs careful selection and control of process temperature, air rate and residence time. In other hand bitumen are produced by blending vacuum residue with asphaltenes which is derived from t he production of lubricating oils. The selection of crude is the most important element of bitumen manufacture because it is required expertise and experience to yield a satisfactory product.2.4.2 Storage whacking permanent tank made of mild steel plate use to stored bitumen at refineries with capacities of between speed of light and 10000 tones. To make sure the bitumen remain fluid, steam or hot oil is pumped during thaw oils in the heavily insulated tanks.2.4.3 DistributionTo make sure the bitumen not cool and unworkable the product must(prenominal) be kept between 150C-190C throughout the supply chain.The temperature of bitumen can fall about 7oC to 10oC when it is loaded into a road tanker and it allow for continue to fall further while in transit. Most of the bitumen go out be transferred from the refineries using the road tankers with capacities of 10 to 40 tones. The road tanker is insulated by single-compartment tanks, normally with some kind of heating such as heating tubes. Insulated rail cars are sometimes used to transport bitumen to intermediary depots with reheating facilities.2.5 Properties of BitumenBitumen is a durable and strong adhesive use as a binder in many applications with other material without affecting their properties. Its durability is important to major engineering part such as road and water ways. Bitumen is insoluble in water and can be used as an effective water proofing sealant. Bitumen can be used to line watercourses because it resist and do not react with acid, alkalis, salt and does not contaminate water.Bitumen is soften and thermoplastic resin material. Bitumen becomes liquid when heated and seasons when it cools. Bitumen can used easily in the area where its need to used because it can readily be liquified by one of three methods thats applying heat, dissolving it in petroleum effects or dispersing it in water (emulsification). add up production of bitumen is larger use in road construction. This is because bitu men gives flexibility to the mixed mineral aggregates that been used in road construction. It is available with economic cost all around the world.2.6 Types of BitumenThere are several types of the bitumen infra based on BP bitumen 20102.6.1 Paving grade bitumenThis type of bitumen considered as a parent bitumen of the other form of bitumen produced below. It is refined and blended to fulfill the industrial and road engineering specification that considered different climate condition.2.6.2 Cutback bitumenThis type of bitumen has lower viscosity than other types of bitumen. This bitumen has been diluted in order to make it more flow able and suitable for application. Cutback bitumen mostly is used for cold weather bituminous, road construction and maintenance. In cutback bitumen suitable solvent is used to lower the viscosity of the bitumen. Fluidity of bitumen depends on the proportion of solvent and degree of hardness of the bitumen base. Cutback bitumen categorise based to the time it takes to become solid, as rapid curing (RC), medium curing (MC) or impenetrable curing (SC). RC is recommended for surface dressing and patchwork.MC is recommended for premix with less quantity of fine aggregates. SC is used for premix with appreciable quantity of fine aggregates. The solvent used for preparation of cutback of bitumen are white olfactory sensation commonly used for RC grades, kerosene for MC grades and diesel for SC grades. In view of the environment, health and synthetic rubber cutback bitumen cause a problem because the solvent used evaporates and currently the evaporation is regarded as a potentially undesirable characteristic.2.6.3 Bitumen emulsionsFrequently the bitumen that been applied to mineral aggregates substrates in road construction is in the form called bitumen emulsion. Bitumen emulsions are the dispersion of bitumen in an aqueous continuous condition and been stabilized by the addition of emulsifier. Bitumen emulsions are the lofty binder can be used in hill road construction which the process of heating the bitumen or aggregates are not easy in that area.Rapid setting emulsions usually used for surface dressing work, Medium setting emulsions use for premix jobs and patch repairs work and slow setting emulsions are ideal use during rainy season. Around 60% of bitumen content in the emulsion and the left all over is water (Tom V. Mathew and K V Krishna Rao, 2007). During the road construction, these emulsions depart opens down resulting in released of water and the mix will starts to set. Grade of bitumen affect the time of setting. Bitumen emulsion is ideal for used in road construction because it put on low viscosity and workable in ambient temperatures.But to apply this bitumen in road make process, it requires controlled breaking and setting. Bitumen should not break before it is laid on the surface of road but, once it placed, it should break quickly. This implies that the road can be in service without del ay.2.6.4 Modified bitumenModified bitumen is bitumen treated with modifiers. Certain additives added as bitumen modifiers to mitigate the service performance by changing such properties as their durability and hardness. Natural rubber, polymer and thermoplastic are commonly used to modify bitumen. This is an exciting development of growing importance due to the ability of modem technology to satisfy the demands of the bitumen and international market. Modified bitumen will contribute towards a longer road action and lower cost maintenance.2.6.5 Multi-grade BitumenThis type of bitumen is chemically modified bitumen. It has multi properties that are properties of hard paving bitumen at high service temperature with the properties of soft paving grades bitumen at low temperature. Multi-grade bitumen gives improvement in resistance to deformation2.6.6 industrial bitumenIndustrial bitumen also known as oxidized bitumen. This bitumen is made by blowing air through hot paving grade bitum en called blowing process. The result from blowing process is a product that softens bitumen at higher temperature than provide by paving grade bitumen softens. It also has rubberlike properties and its viscosity is less affected by changes in temperature than is the case with paving grade bitumen.2.7 Requirement of BitumenThe some requirement properties of bitumen depend on the mix type and construction. In general, Bitumen should fulfill the following properties (Prof. Tom V. Mathew, 2009)The bitumen should not be highly temperature susceptible during the hottest weather the mix should not become too soft or unstable, and during cold weather the mix should not become too brittle causing cracks.The viscosity of the bitumen at the time of mixing and compaction should be adequate. This can be achieved by use of cutbacks or emulsions of suitable grades or by heating the bitumen and aggregates prior to mixing.There should be adequate affinity and adhesion between the bitumen and aggreg ates used in the mix.2.8 Modification of bitumenMany studies have been conducted in order to improve the performance of bitumen used in road pavement by modified bitumen with other material. Additional materials such as rubber, polymer and epoxy resin have been used as modifier in bitumen in the previous research. This study stresses on the usage of aerify ball modify as an additive in bitumen.2.9 Coal burning at the stake products rain zap modify is one of the coal combustion residues. Coal combustion residuals are formed during coal-burning processes in business leader plants. Coal combustion product consists of several materials (R.Majko, 1996).2.9.1 Fly modifyFly change is the fines modify of coal ash tree particles from combustion of coal. It is called strike down ash because it is transported from combustion chamber by exhaust gases. Fly ash is a fine powder produce from the mineral contain in coal. It also consists of noncombustible mater in coal and a small amount of carbon thats remains because of incomplete combustion. Fly ash is usually light tan in color. It is commonly consists of silt size and clay sized shiny spheres which is gives fly ash a consistency somewhat like talc powder. The property of the fly ash varies based on coal composition used and plant direct system.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/Fly modify1.JPGFigure 2.2 fly ash2.9.2 Bottom ashBottom ash and fly ash is two different materials in physical, mineralogical and chemical. Bottom ash is a coarse, granular, and incombustible material which is collected from the bottom of furnaces of combustion of coal in generation of electricity. Different with fly ash, bottom ash coarser than fly ash with grain sizes spanning from fine sand to fine gravel. The type of the bottom ash depends on type of furnaces used to burn a coal.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/BottomAsh1.JPGFigure 2.3 bottom ash2.9.3 BOILER SLAGBoiler slag is normally a black granular material with numerous e ngineering uses. It is formed in cyclone timpanis which form a melt ash thats cooled with water. Boiler slag is coarser than fly ash.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/BoilerSlag1.JPGFigure 2.4boiler slag2.9.4 FGD GYPSUMFlue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum is also can be defined as scrubber gypsum. FGD gypsum is the product from an air pollution control system which is removes sulfur from the flue gas in atomic number 20 based scrubbing systems. It is composed of calcium sulphate and produced by employing forced oxidation in the scrubber. FGD gypsum is most usually used for agricultural activity and for drywall production.http//www.undeerc.org/carrc/Assets/FGDMaterial1.JPGFigure 2.5 FGD gypsum2.10 Production of fly ashFly ash normally produced from burning of coal for power generation. Normally coal is pulverized and blown with air into the combustion chamber. In this part the coal will be ignites, generating heat and producing a molten residue. Then the boiler tubes will extr act heat from the boiler and then cool the gas in the chimney. This make the residue from the combustion of coal harden and produce ash known as coal combustion products. The coarse ash kwon as bottom ash andit will fall at the bottom of coal furnaces. In the other hand, the light ash will the light ash will remain suspended in the flue gas and will be collected by electrostatic precipitators, baghouses, or mechanical collection devices such as cyclones.CDocuments and Settingsto_pekDesktopproduction of fly ash.gifFigure 2.6 production of fly ash (ACAA, 1997)2.11 Utilization and benefit of fly ashFly ash have been used many part of the engineering application around the world. The table below shows the employment of fly ash in the engineering part. (Fly ash facts for highway engineers, 2003).ApplicationBenefitused in Portland cement concrete (PCC)-improved workability-decrease water demand-reduced bleeding-improved durabilityused in stabilized base course-provide a strong and durabl e mixture-lower cost-suitable for using recycled base material-increased goose egg efficiencyused in flowable fill-allows placement under freezing conditions-reach 100% density with no compactive effort-increase scandal bearing capacity-increase the speed and ease of backfilling operationsUsed in soil improvement-eliminates need for expensive materials-expedites construction works by improving unstable subgrade By improve subgrade conditions, cost saving through reduction in required pavement thickness.Used in asphalt pavement-reduce potential of asphalt stripping due to hydrophobic properties of fly ash-reduce stripping because fly ash consist of lime-a lower cost than other fillerUsed in grouts for pavement subsealing-develop high ultimate strength-accomplished quickly with minimum effect to the traffic flow.-used to correct undermining without2.12 Type of fly ashFly ash is collected use electrostatic precipitators or bag houses and then transferred to large silos for shipment. Fly ash divided base on precise particle size requirement, thus secure a uniform and quality of product. There are 2 different type of fly ash from combustion of coal in large power plant which is class C and class F.2.12.1 score C screen out C fly ash is produced usually from lignite and sub-bituminous coals and normally contains significant amount of Calcium Hydroxide (CaO) or lime (Cockrell et. al., 1970). Fly ash class C will harden when exposure to the water. Class C normally contains more than 15% of lime and can reach until 30% of the composition (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). Higher of CaO in class C fly ash make it more special with self hardening characteristic. This is because calcium is a good adhesive agent. The existence of pozzolan properties in the fly ash class c make it different from fly ash class F.2.12.2 Class FClass F fly ash is produced from bituminous coals and burning anthracite .Class F is normally contains greater gang of silica, alumina and iron about 70% of the composition but low in lime content usually under about 15% of the composition (Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007). This fly ash has Siliceous and aluminous material, which itself possesses trivial or no cementitious value but in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically react withCalcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form cementitious compounds (Chu et. al.,1993).2.13 character of fly ash2.13.1 Size and shapeFly ash consist of powdery and fine particle that are in spherical shape, either in solid or hollow and mostly vitrified in nature. The carbonaceous in fly ash consist of angular particles. The particle size distribution of bituminous coal fly ashes is usually similar to the silt which is less than a 0.075 mm or No. 200 sieve.Sub bituminous coal fly ashes are similar to the silt size and it is slightly coarser than bituminous coal fly ashes. A coarser particle can result in a less reactive ash and could contain higher carbon contents.Figure 2.7 Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification2.13.2 ColorBy depending on the amount of unburned carbon in the ash, the color of fly ash can be found and vary from tan to gray to black. If the fly ash contains low carbon, the color will be lighter. Lignite or sub bituminous fly ashes are typically light tan to buff in color, representing relatively low quantities of carbon in addition to the presence of some lime or calcium. However, bituminous fly ashes are usually some shade of gray, with the lighter sunglasses of gray generally indicating a higher quality of ash. Figure 2.8 typical fly ash colorize2.13.3 Specific gravityThe specific gravity of fly ash is generally varies between 2.1to 3.0 whereas the specific surface area are varies in range from 170 to 1000 m2/kg that been measured by the Blaine air permeability method.2.13.4 Loss of ignitionLoss of ignition is a measured of remaining unburned carbon in a coal. It is a critical property of fly ash need to be measured, especial ly for concrete applications. High carbon levels, the type of carbon, the interaction of soluble ions in fly ash, and the variability of carbon content can cause air entrainment problem in fresh concrete and can affect the durability of the concrete. In some application of fly ash are not affected by the loss of ignition such as filler in asphalt and flowable fill can accept fly ash with high content of carbon.2.13.4 ChemistryChemical compositions of the coal mainly affect the chemical constituents of fly ash. Depending on the coal combustion technology used, the fly ash can be significantly different even though they are produced from the same source and similar chemical composition. Therefore the ash hydration properties with the leach characteristic can vary a lot between generating facilities.The combustion and glassification process used at certain power plant will affect the quantity of crystalline material versus glassy degree material because these two substances were depen ds on these two process. When the maximum temperature of the combustion process is above approximately 12000 C and the cooling time is short, the ash produced is mostly glassy phase material (McCarthy et. al., 1987). Crystalline phase calcium compounds are formed where boiler design or operation allows an extra gradual cooling of the ash particles.The factors that affect the hydration and leaching properties of fly ash such as the relative proportion of the spherical glassy phase and crystalline materials, the size distribution of the ash, the chemical nature of glass phase, the type of crystalline material, the nature and the percentage of unburned carbon (Roy et.al, 1985).Generally, the most important factors that influenced the mineralogy of coal fly ash are (Baker, 1987)Chemical composition of the coalCoal combustion process including coal pulverization, combustion, flue gas clean up, and fly ash collection operationsAdditives used, including oil additives for flame stabilizatio n and corrosion control additives.The minerals present in the coal dictates the elemental composition of the fly ash. The boiler design and operation dictated the mineralogy of the ash.2.13.5 Chemical Requirements for Fly Ash Classification(Dr. Kamar Shah Ariffin, 2007)PropertiesFly Ash ClassClass FClass CSilicon dioxide (SiO2) sum total aluminum oxide (Al2O3) plus iron oxide (Fe2O3), min, %70.050.0Sulfur trioxide (SO3), max, %5.05.0Moisture Content, max, %3.03.0Loss on ignition, max, %6.06.0